Bibliography & Index of the Sirenia & Desmostylia

Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia

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Sakhalin ( 9 )

x			1870	Adams, A. (specimen of ?DD; 198.)
x			1923	Sowerby, A. de C. ("dugong" of Adams [1870] probably Hydrodamalis; 136-137.)
	D		1928	Anon.
x	D	*	1937a	Nagao, T. (Desmostylus minor, n.sp.; Mioc.; 46-49.)
x	D		1937c	Nagao, T. (Desmostylus spp.; 110-113.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell & Repenning (Desmostylus; 10, 15.)
	D		1966a	Shikama, T.
	D		1969	Mel'nikov & Shustov
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (specimen of Adams [1870] probably DD; 136, 138.)

Salinity Tolerance ( 59 )

(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Ingestive)

			1703-05	Dampier, W. (Trichechus; need fresh water)
			1826	Humboldt, A.v. (TMM; Bahia de Jagua, Cuba; use of freshwater springs at sea)
x			1843	Backhouse, J. (DD; Australia; ascend "narrow creeks"; 368-369.)
x			1861a	Du Chaillu, P.B. (TS; prefer fresh water; 367.)
x			1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; like fresh water; 197.)
x		*	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; 49-50.)
x			1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; ?prefer brackish water; 229.)
x			1924-25	Vosseler, J. (Trichechus; in capt.; 129.)
x			1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; dislike salt water; 216.)
x			1942	Morison, S.E. (TMM; Cuba; use of freshwater springs; 459.)
x			1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; ?unable to enter fresh water if born in salt water; migration affected by salinity; drinking fresh water; 188.)
x			1951	Bourlière, F. (TM euryhalic; 194.)
x			1951a	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; dispersal down Keys ?limited by lack of fresh water; 5.)
x			1951b	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida Everglades; 25-26.)
x			1956	Tomkins, I.R. (TML in salt water; 289.)
x		*	1958	Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; in rivers; 19-20.)
x			1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; m2.)
x			1964a	Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; m115-116.)
x			1965	Lluch B., D. (TMM; not affected by salinity; 411-412.)
x			1966	Kinzer, J. (salinity of West African coastal lagoons; 47.)
x			1966	Thomas, D. (DD; in capt., India; kept in brackish water; 81.)
x		*	1967	Aung, S.H. (DD; Burma; 221.)
x			1967a	Jones, S. (DD; India; 217.)
x			1968	Charnock-Wilson, J. (Trichechus; m293.)
x		*	1974a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; ?need fresh water; 37-41.)
x			1978	Irvine & Campbell (TML; Florida; distr. in fresh & salt water; 615-616.)
x			1978	Mitchell, J. (DD; seasonal salinity changes & tooth banding; 342.)
x			1978	Odell et al. (TM; Bahamas; ?restricted by fresh water availability; 293.)
x			1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; no need for fresh water, 132; calving in hypersaline areas, 133; tolerances, 133-134.)
x			1979	Bengtson & Magor (TMM; Belize; 230-232.)
x			1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; habitat preferences, 38-39; ?need fresh water, 58-59.)
x			1980	Belitsky & Belitsky (TMM; Dominican Republic; near freshwater upwellings; 317.)
x		*	1980	Irvine et al. (TML; possible concentrating of urine; 3.)
x			1981	Powell et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; occurrence in & drinking of fresh water; 642, 644.)
x			1982	Irvine et al. (TML; western Florida; distr. with respect to salinity; 626, 628-629.)
x			1982	Medway, Bruss et al. (TML; Florida; blood serum osmolality; 231-232.)
x			1983a	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; northeastern Florida; distr. with respect to salinity; 44.)
x			1983a	Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; drinking fresh water; 43-44.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; ?water-balance stress of lactation; 783.)
x			1984	Powell & Rathbun (TML; northwestern Florida; ?need fresh water; 23-24.)
x		*	1984	Reynolds & Ferguson (TM; implications of occurrence in Dry Tortugas; 187-189.)
x			1984	Snipes, R.L. (TM; suggests large intestine important in water balance; m76.)
x			1989	Hill & Reynolds (TML; kidney structure & osmoregulatory ability; 53-56.)
x			1989	Lefebvre et al. (TM; effects on biogeography; 590-591.)
x			1989	Maluf, N.S.R. (TML; kidney structure & osmoregulatory ability; 282, 284.)
x			1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; 118, 121, 127.)
x			1996	Reynolds & Rommel (TML; possible gastrointestinal adaptations; 553-554.)
x			1998	Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Mexico; moderate effect of salinity on distr.; 801.)
x		*	1998	Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation; 449-457.)
x		*	1999	Ortiz et al. (TM; water turnover rates; 33-38.)
			2001	Ortiz, R.M. (osmoregulation)
x	D		2003	Clementz et al. (Desmostylus; habitat inferred from stable isotopes; 506-519.)
			2006	Lanyon, Newgrain & Alli (DD; in capt., Indonesia; water turnover rate)
			2006	Clementz et al. (Eoc. sirs.; stable isotopes)
			2008	Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium spp.; Mioc.-Plioc.; peri-Messinian dwarfing)
			2009	Clementz et al. (Tethys-Mediterranean sirs.; Eoc.-Plioc.; diets, salinity; stable isotopes)
			2014	Meager & Limpus (DD; eastern Australia; mortality; freshwater discharge)
			2020	Favero, I. et al. (TM; Brazil, northern coast, freshwater limitation)
			2020	Smoll et al. (DD; osmoregulation & electrolyte balance)

Satellite Tracking: SEE Tagging Methods and Recognition ( 0 )

Sense Organs ( 112 )

(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Investigative, and Sense Perception; Brain and Nervous System; Digestive System; Skeleton; Sound Production)

x	*	1809a	Cuvier, G. (Trichechus; ear bones; 287-289, pl. 19.)
x		1820a	Home, E. (DD; ear apparatus; 149-153.)
x		1820b	Home, E. (DD; tongue, 316; olfactory nerve, eye, 321.)
		1845	Hyrtl, J. (ear)
x		1857	Rapp, W.v. (TML; ear ossicles, 96-97, pl. 3; eye, 97-98.)
x	*	1867	Claudius, M. (HG, etc.; ear region; 1-14, pls. 1-2.)
		1868	Claudius, M. (ear)
		1868	Owen, R. (smell)
x	*	1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; nasal region, 186-187; eye, 187-188; ear, 188.)
		1878	Doran, A.H.G. (ear)
x		1880	Murie, J. (TMM; eye; 24-25.)
x	*	1884	Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 366-370.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (ear ossicles; 461-462.)
x	*	1892	Tuckerman, F. (Trichechus; tongue; 77.)
x		1897	Broom, R. (Jacobson's organ & sir. affinities; m252.)
x		1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; eyes, ears; 187, 199.)
	*	1902	Pütter, A. (eye)
		1903	Schoenichen, W. (eye)
x		1906	Annandale, N. (dugong tears; 241.)
x	*	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, Trichechus; taste, 59; smell, 59-60; eyes, 60-64; ears, 64.)
		1908	Beyer, H. (ear)
x		1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; eye; protective secretion, reflex; 227-228.)
x		1912a	Matthes, E. (ear apparatus; 597-599.)
x		1915	Broom, R. (Jacobson's organ & sir. affinities; m162.)
x		1915	Seale, A. (DD; eyes "turning to flesh" when exposed to air; 215.)
x		1922	Sonntag, C.F. (tongue; 646-647, 654-655.)
x		1923a	Petit, G. (dugong tears; 77.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (possible chemical-sensory fields, 219-220; appearance of eye, 220.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (dugong tears; 94-95.)
x	*	1929	Petit & Rochon-Duvigneaud (DD; eye, 129-138; hearing, smell, taste, touch, 130-132.)
		1931	Klaauw, C.J. van der (ear)
		1931-34	Schneider, K.M. (Flehmen)
	*	1934	Genschow, J. (olfactory organs)
		1942	Walls, G.L. (eye)
x		1953	Quiring & Harlan (TML; eye weight; 194.)
x		1955a	Anon. (dugong tears; 79.)
x		1956	Harry, R.R. (dugong tears; 27.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; snout bristles; 12-15.)
x		1963	Fenart, R. (DD; ear vestibules & ossicles; 92-94.)
		1964	Harrison & Tomlinson (TM; auditory meatus)
x		1964	Norris, K.S. (Trichechus; possible use of mandibular canal as wave guide in echolocation; 334.)
x	*	1965	Robineau, D. (HG, etc.; ear ossicles; 412-424.)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (dugong tears; 218.)
		1968	Giraud-Sauveur & Miloche (TS; ear ossicles)
x	*	1969	Robineau, D. (ear apparatus; 2, 8-13, 15-20, 22-31.)
x	*	1971	Fleischer, G. (DD; ear apparatus; 351-359.)
x		1972	Verhaart, W.J.C. (Trichechus; development of brain sensory regions; 288-289.)
	*	1973	Fleischer, G. (ear)
x	*	1976	Fleischer, G. (anchoring of stapes; 304-317.)
x		1977a	Domning, D.P. (DD; external ear muscles; 26-27.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; ear adaptations; 132.)
		1978	Fleischer, G. (middle ear)
x		1980	Arvy, L. (HG; supposed near-blindness; 312.)
x		1980	Bullock et al. (TI; auditory evoked potentials & hearing organs; ?role of zygomatic process; 130-133.)
x		1980	Lowell & Flanigan (chemoreception; 56-57.)
x		1981	Kamiya & Yamasaki (DD; sinus hair; 193-197.)
x		1981	Yamasaki et al. (DD; taste buds; 185-187, 190-191.)
x		1982	Bullock et al. (TML; auditory evoked potentials; 547-554.)
x	*	1982	Cohen et al. (TML; photoreceptors; 197-202.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (HG, DD, TM; ear bones; 399-403.)
x	*	1983	Piggins et al. (TI; eye morphology & vision; 111-129.)
x		1985	Mackay-Sim et al. (TML lacks vomeronasal organ but has olfactory epithelium; 186-194.)
x		1985	Pirlot & Kamiya (DD; importance of sinus hairs; 154.)
		1986	Andreev, F.V. (TM; eye)
x	*	1988	Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear; 365-379.)
x		1989a	Marsh, H. (dugong tears; 79.)
x		1990	Court, N. (Prorastomus; ear; 175-179.)
x		1991	Court & Jaeger (Prorastomus, Trichechus; inner ear; 559-565.)
		1991	Fischer, M.S. (ear)
		1991	West et al. (TM; eye)
x	*	1992	Ketten et al. (TML; ear, 77-95; chorda tympani, 84, 92.)
x		1993	Fischer & Tassy (Trichechus; ear, perilymphatic foramen; 225-227.)
		1994	Court, N. (ear)
x		1995	Marshall & Reep (TML; functions of cerebral cortical areas; 17-18.)
x		1996	Griebel & Schmid (TMM; eye & color vision; 2747.)
x		1997	Mass et al. (TML; eye; retinal topography; 392-394.)
x		1998	Marshall et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 274-289.)
x	*	1998	Reep et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 257-273.)
x	*	1999	Bachteler & Dehnhardt (TMM; facial bristles & hairs; 61-69.)
x		2002	Spoor et al. (DD; curvature of semicircular canals; 163-164.)
x		2002	Ames et al. (TML; zygomatic process of squamosal; lipid content & sound conduction; 625-634.)
		2003	Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TMM, TS; orofacial morphology & feeding)
		2003	Hatfield et al. (TM; iridocorneal angle of eye)
		2005	Harper et al. (TML; vascularization of cornea)
		2005	Natiello et al. (TM; ciliary body)
		2005	Natiello & Samuelson (TM; ciliary body)
		2006	Ambati BK et al.
		2006	Newman & Robinson (TM; visual pigments)
	*	2007	Chapla et al. (TML; head & ear bones; CT scans)
		2007	Sarko, Reep et al. (TML; follicle-sinus complexes)
		2008	Johnson & Reep (vibrissae)
		2009	Hunt et al. (visual photopigments)
		2009	Knight, K. (hearing)
		2011	Sarko et al. (tactile hairs)
		2011	Reep et al. (tactile hairs)
		2012	Davies et al. (visual photopigments)
		2012	Knight, K. (hearing)
		2012	Kikuchi et al. (TI; turning behavior; vision and tactile hairs)
		2012	Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.)
		2012	Mass et al. (TML; retina)
		2013	Marriott et al. (Sirs.; somatosensation, hearing, olfaction)
	*	2013	Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; Eoc., Tunisia; CT scans of ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides)
	*	2017	Gaspard et al. (TML; sensory hairs on body)
	*	2018	Bauer et al. (review; 2-8.)
		2019	Garcés-Cuartas et al. (TMM; in capt.; vibrissae growth rate)
	*	2020	Barboza & Larkin (TML; nasal cavity, turbinates, olfaction, & olfactory epithelium)
		2020	Barboza & Larkin (TML; taste buds)
		2021	Meshida et al. (TML; oblique muscles of eyeball)
		2021	Kerber & Moraes-Santos (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni; endocranial morphology; olfactory, optic, & trigeminal structures)
		2022	Cabrias-C. et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; perinatal bilateral exophthalmia & secondary corneal ulcers)
		2022	Meshida et al. (TML; rectus extraocular muscles; comp. w/ cetaceans.)
		2024	Tucker et al. (TML; northern Gulf of Mexico; stable isotope analysis of vibrissae to investigate patterns of resource use)

Sense Perception: SEE Behavior, Investigative, and Sense Perception; Sense Organs ( 0 )

Seuku Beatty and Cockburn, 2015 ( 1 )

2015

Beatty & Cockburn (n.gen.; Olig., Oregon)

Seuku emlongi (Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986) Beatty and Cockburn, 2015 ( 1 )

2015

Beatty & Cockburn (n.comb.)

Siren bartholini Oesterdam, 1766 ( 2 )

(= Trichechus manatus manatus)

		*	1766	Oesterdam, A. (name coined)
x		*	1991	Dubois, A. (origin & history of name; 109, 114, 117.)

Sirenavus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1941 ( 7 )

x	*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.n.sp.; 146-149, 156, pl. 6.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (m439, m441.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m273, 274.)
x		1977	Kordos, L. (ribs of holotype lost; 365.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 385, 387-389, 396-397.)
	*	1981	Kordos, L.
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 35, 55, 61.)

Sirenavus Kretzoi, 1941 ( 8 )

x	*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.; 146-149, 151, 153-154.)
		1944	Mottl, M.
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m209, 211.)
x		1970	Fuchs, H. (comp. w/ Halitherium; 1187.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 574, 579.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378.)
x		1982	Sereno, P.C. (m7-8.)
		1983	Kordos, L.

Sirene borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Link, 1794 ( 3 )

(= Hydrodamalis gigas)

	*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.comb.)
x		1925	ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 38.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.)

Sirene Link, 1794 ( 2 )

(= Hydrodamalis)

		*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.gen.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.)

Sirenia Illiger, 1811 ( 3 )

(proposed as family; raised to ordinal rank by Goldfuss, 1820?)

x	*	1811	Illiger, C. (name introduced, at family rank; in classification; 140.)
	*	1820	Goldfuss, G.A.
x		1872b	Gill, T. (diagnosis; 300-301.)

Sireniformes Kinman, 1994 ( 1 )

(order; = Sirenia)

1994

Kinman, K.E. (new ordinal name for Sirenia; 38.)

Sireniformia Burmeister, 1837 ( 1 )

(family; = Sirenia)

1837

Burmeister, H. (n.fam.; in classification; 792.)

Sirenoidea Van Beneden, 1855? ( 0 )

(= Sirenia)

Sirenotherium de Paula Couto, 1967 ( 3 )

x	*	1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (n.gen.; Early Mioc., Brazil; 346-356.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (in phylogeny; 579.)
x		1980	McKenna, M.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 66.)

Sirenotherium pirabense de Paula Couto, 1967 ( 8 )

x	*	1967b	Paula Couto, C. de ("S. pirabensis", n.gen.n.sp.; Early Mioc., Brazil; 346-356.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (referred to Trichechidae or Dugongidae incertae sedis; 600, 606, 612.)
x		1986	Frailey, C.D. (comp. w/ Ribodon; 34.)
		1989	Lima, M.R. de (considered Sirenia incertae sedis)
x	*	1989	Toledo, P.M. de (new specimens referred; 5-10.)
x		1991	Toledo & Domning (considered nomen dubium; 120-121.)
x		1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (review; 325.)
x		2000	Henriques et al. (holotype listed; 19.)

Skeleton ( 301 )

(SEE ALSO: Age Determination; Embryology and Ontogeny; Histology; Myology; Sense Organs; Tooth Replacement; and under species)

x			1770	Alston, C. (Trichechus; petrous bones; medicinal use; 537-538.)
x			1804	G.L.D. (DD; ivory "homogeneous"; m165.)
x			1804	Wiedemann, C.R.W. (TM; skull; 67-76.)
x		*	1809a	Cuvier, G. (TI, 285-293, pl. 19; TS, 295-296, pl. 19; fossil sirs., 305-308, pl. 19.)
x			1820a	Home, E. (DD; tusks, 146-149, 153, pls. 12-14; ear, 149-153; lower incisors, 153-154, pl. 14.)
x			1820b	Home, E. (DD; cribriform plate, 321; postcranial skeleton, 321-322, pl. 31.)
x			1820	Raffles, T.S. (DD; teeth, 175-176; bones, 178-179.)
x			1821a	Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; 268-270, pl. 20.)
x			1821b	Home, E. (TMM; Jamaica; 390-391, pl. 27.)
			1829	Knox, R. (DD)
			1831	Knox, R. (DD)
x			1834	Rüppell, E. (DD; gen. acc.; 104, 107-112, pl. 6.)
			1836a	Robert, C. (TS; skeleton)
x			1836b	Robert, C. (TS; 363.)
x		*	1838a	Owen, R. (DD; ossification of throat cartilages, m37; bones, 40-41; teeth, 41-44.)
x		*	1847	Bischoff, T.L.W. (DD; teeth, 2; postcranial skeleton, 2-3; hyoid, 3-6, pl. 1.))
x			1847	Brandt, J.F. (HG; new material, comp. w/ living sirs.; 47-48.)
			1847	Owen, R. (DD; skeleton)
			1847	Turner, H.N. (vertebrae)
x			1849	Owen, R. ("Halicore indicus"; forelimb adapted as fin; m5-6.)
x			1850	Kneeland, S., Jr. (Trichechus; affinities; 42-47.)
x			1850	Wyman, J. (TS; skull; 46-47.)
x			1855a	Gervais, P. (TI; gen. acc.; 114-115.)
x			1857	Jäger, G. (TMM, Suriname, skull & skeleton, 91-98, pl. 6; DD, skull, 98-99, pl. 6.)
			1858	Kaup, J.J. (Halitherium schinzii; pelvis, femur)
			1858b	Krauss, C.F.F. (Halitherium; skull)
x			1861	Möbius, K. (TMM; Belize; masticating pads, 148-156, pl. 7; skull measurements, 154-155.)
			1862a	Brandt, J.F.
			1862b	Brandt, J.F.
			1862d	Brandt, J.F.
			1862	Bronn, H.G. (Halitherium)
x			1862	Goebel, A. (HG; chemical analysis of bone; 188-193.)
		*	1862a	Krauss, C.F.F. (Trichechus; osteology)
		*	1862a	Nordmann, A.v. (HG; skeleton)
			1862b	Nordmann, A.v. (HG)
			1863a	Brandt, J.F.
			1863b	Brandt, J.F.
			1863	Cleland, J. (vomer, ethmoid, premaxilla)
x			1863	McBain, J. (TS, TMM; skulls; 261-267.)
			1864	Flower, W.H. (cervical vertebrae)
x			1865	Gray, J.E. (TS, TM; 130-138.)
x			1867c	Brandt, J.F. (HG, DD, TM; endocranial casts; 269-270.)
x		*	1867	Claudius, M. (HG, etc.; ear region; 6-14, pls. 1-2.)
		*	1870	Krauss, C.F.F. (DD)
			1872	Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; pelvis)
x		*	1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; bones & ligaments; 135-143, 179, 186-188.)
			1875	Weyhe (pelvis)
x			1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; cervical vertebrae; m453.)
x			1879	Yarnall, E.H. (HG; Nordenskiöld's collection; m793.)
x			1880	Cope, E.D. (DD, Trichechus; squamosal foramina; 456.)
x			1880	Murie, J. (TMM; sternum; 44, pl. 8.)
x			1881	Crane, A. (TMM; development in young specimen; 459.)
			1883	Albrecht, P. (vertebral epiphyses)
x			1883	Anon. (HG; Stejneger's collection of 11 skulls; m93.)
x			1883	Dybowski, B. (HG; skull; sexual variation; 73.)
x		*	1883	Stejneger, L. (HG; collection, 59, 61-62; sexual variation, 78-83; tail, 86; specimens at Irkutsk destroyed, 84.)
x		*	1884	Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 366-370.)
x			1884b	Stejneger, L. (HG; collecting of 12 skulls & other bones; 107-108.)
x			1885b	Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG bones in various museums; 284-285.)
x			1885	Stejneger, L. (HG; excavation of weathered skeleton; 256-257.)
x		*	1885a	Woodward, H. (HG; 457-464.)
		*	1886a	Hartlaub, C. (Trichechus; variation)
x			1887b	Baur, G. (hyperphalangy; 840.)
x			1887	Ward, H.L. (DD; vertebrae & pelvis; 536.)
			1888	Slade, D.D. (cranial vacuities)
x			1889	Clark, J.W. (HG; skeleton at Harvard; 342.)
			1889a	Cope, E.D.
			1889b	Leboucq, H. (manus)
			1891a	Kükenthal, W. (fusion of epiphyses; hyperphalangy)
			1892	Dollo, L. (ribs)
x			1893	Holder, C.F. (HG; skeleton at California Academy of Science; m236.)
x			1893	Howes & Harrison (DD; vertebrae, phalanges, teeth; 790.)
x			1894	Miller, W.D. (TS; dental caries; 15-18.)
x			1894	Zaaijer, T. (DD; cranial sutures; m340.)
x			1896	Kükenthal, W. (TM; embryonic dentition; 513-526.)
x			1896	Leboucq, H. (hyperphalangy; m174.)
			1897	Sabatier, A. (chevron bones)
		*	1897	Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus; dentition)
			1897	Tredgold, A.F. (ribs)
x			1898	Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus; dentition; 814.)
			1898	Anderson, R.J. (DD, Trichechus; manus; 765-767.)
x		*	1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; 188, 190, 195-196.)
x			1901	Broom, R. (Trichechus; ossification of caudal vertebrae; m739.)
			1902	Anderson, R.J. (premaxilla)
			1902	Sabatier, A. (vertebrae, sternum)
			1902	Stromer, E.
			1903	Van Oort, E.D. (Halitherium)
x			1904	Eggeling, H. (DD, Trichechus; sternum; 99.)
x		*	1904	Freund, L. (DD, etc.; manus; 363, 397, pls. 14-15.)
x		*	1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (Recent sirs.; pelvis; 1-11, pl. 1.)
			1905	Freund, L. (DD; sternum)
x			1905	Knauff (pelvis; 306, 309.)
x			1905	Toldt, C. (angular process of mandible; 337.)
x			1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; tusks, 56, 65; exethmoids, 59-60.)
			1907c	Abel, O. (pelvis)
x			1907	Annandale, N. (DD; pelvis, 79; manus, 79-80.)
x			1908	Anderson, R.J. (DD, Trichechus; parietal; 547.)
		*	1908a	Freund, L. (DD; skull)
x			1908b	Freund, L. (DD; nasal region, bones & cartilages; 254-256.)
x			1908	Fuchs, H. (vertebral epiphyses; m353.)
x			1909	Anderson, R.J. (Trichechus; maxillae; 745.)
x			1911	Anon. (HG; photo of skull; 37.)
			1911	Lefeuvre (Halitherium)
x	D		1911	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus; 407-412.)
			1911	Schmidtgen, O. (Halitherium schinzii; scapula)
x			1912b	Dexler, H. (DD; braincase; 100.)
			1912b	Matthes, E. (TML; ethmoid region)
			1912	Schmidtgen, O. (Halitherium schinzii; hindlimb)
			1912	Stapley, W. (cervical ribs)
			1912	Turner, W.
x		*	1914a	Freund, L. (embryology; 354-386, pl. 16.)
			1914b	Freund, L. (embryology)
			1914	Goodrich, E.S. (vertebrae)
x			1919	Hanson, F.B. (Trichechus; ontogeny & phylogeny of sternum; 81, 111.)
			1919	Hogben, L.T. (jugal)
x			1921a	Marcus, H. (TS; jaws, teeth, tooth replacement; 574-586, pls. 18-19.)
			1921b	Matthes, E. (skull)
			1921c	Matthes, E. (DD; skull)
			1921d	Matthes, E. (DD; skull)
			1921a	Stromer, E. (hip region)
			1921b	Stromer, E. (hip region)
			1923	Loth, E. (cervicals; vertebral canals)
x		*	1923	Nopcsa, F.v. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 353-359.)
			1923	Stromer, E. (pachyostosis)
x	D		1924	Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus hesperus; skull; 7-8.)
			1924	Vialleton, L. (limbs & girdles)
x			1925	Troxell, E.L. (chevron bones; m613.)
			1928a	Petit, G. (cervical vertebrae)
x			1928b	Petit, G. (TS, fusion of cervical vertebrae, 429-431; Halitherium schinzii, m431.)
x			1929	Birulia, A. (HG; pelvis; 87-90.)
			1930	Pales, L. (pathology)
	D		1930	Salomon, M.I. (lacrimal)
			1931	Loth, E. (fractures)
x			1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 407-412; epiphyseal fusion, 412-417; other changes, 427-431.)
x			1932	Korschelt, E. (DD, rib fractures, 450; Trichechus, lesion on radius, 451.)
			1932	Kuntze, R. (HG; skeleton at Lvov)
		*	1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
			1934	Frechkop, S. (DD; skull & dentition)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (Trichechus; variation; 539-554, 561.)
			1934	Nopcsa & Heidsieck (pachyostotic rib)
x			1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; cartilaginous ?"baculum"; 219.)
			1936	Hirschfelder, H. (Trichechus; cranial ontogeny)
			1936	Neumann, D. (Halitherium schinzii; manus)
			1937	De Beer, G.R. (skull development)
			1938	Rueger, J. (cervical vertebrae 1-2)
x			1938	Todd & Todd (Trichechus spp., DD; epiphyseal union sequence; 4-5, 31-35.)
x			1939	Lyman, C.P. (DD; vestigial lower incisor; 229-231.)
			1940	Loth, E. (fractures)
x		*	1940	Pocock, R.I. (DD; tusks, teeth, skulls, scapulae; 329-345.)
x		*	1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (Trichechus; dentition; 1-15.)
	D		1941	Nagao, T. (Desmostylus)
x		*	1942b	Fawcett, D.W. (Trichechus; pachyostosis; histology & hypothyroidism; 271-285, 287-303, 308-309.)
x			1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (TS, etc.; 56-64.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (evolution of dentition; 4-13.)
x			1943	Kaltenmark, J. (fronto-nasal relationship; 14-24.)
x			1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; skull & dentition; vestigial incisors; 42-43.)
x			1946	Slijper, E.J. (spinal column; 42-43, 72, 78, 111-112, 114, tabs. 3, 5.)
			1947	Amprino & Godina (histology)
x		*	1951	Kleinschmidt, A. (HG; extant skeletons, bone measurements, body reconstruction; 294-312.)
x			1951a	Moore, J.C. (TML, TMM; proportions of foramen magnum; 17-18.)
x			1951	Wegner, R.N. (mandibular dental capsule; 76-81.)
x		*	1953	Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; teeth; 139-147, pls. 28-30.)
x			1953	Quiring & Harlan (TML; gen. acc.; 194-200.)
			1955	Tucker, R.
x			1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; mandibular symphysis & vestigial lower incisor alveoli; 20-23, 38-39.)
	D		1961	Ijiri & Kamei (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; skulls)
x			1962	Schäfer, W. (decay & disintegration; 53-56.)
x			1963	Fenart, R. (DD; vestibulary orientation of skull; 92-98.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians; pachyostosis; 196-197.)
x		*	1964	Johnson, D.H. (DD; Arnhem Land, Australia; skull measurements; 507.)
x	D		1964	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians; pachyostosis; 214.)
	D	*	1966c	Shikama, T.
			1967	Poole, D.F.G. (dental tissues)
x			1968a	Kaiser, H.E. (occipital region; gross morphology; 478.)
x	D		1968	Shikama, T. (Paleoparadoxia; 21-26, pls. 3-6.)
x			1969	Chelnokov, F.G. (HG; bones; 72-73.)
x		*	1969	Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 2-31.)
x			1970	Scheffer, V.B. (DD; teeth; growth layers; 187-190.)
x			1971	Fleischer, G. (DD; ear apparatus; 351-353, 355-359.)
x			1972	Scheffer, V.B. (HG; body size & weight; 912-913.)
			1973	Fleischer, G.
	D		1973	Kobayashi & Kamei
x		*	1973	Mitchell, J. (DD; skull & teeth; age determination, 1-23; sexual dimorphism, 14, 16-21.)
x		*	1974	James, P.S.B.R. (DD; India; variation; 173-184.)
		*	1974	Kaiser, H.E. (macroscopic & x-ray atlas)
x		*	1974	Spain & Heinsohn (DD; cranial allometry; 249-257.)
x			1975	Domning & Frye (Metaxytherium jordani, Hydrodamalis cuestae; pathology; 1-4, pls. 1-2.)
x			1976	Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; 18-19 ribs, 41; tusks, 44; skeletal weight, 46.)
x			1976	Fleischer, G. (anchoring of stapes; 304-317.)
x			1976	Mitchell, J. (DD; growth layers in tusks; 25-28.)
			1976	Reinhart, R.H. (DD; incisor anomalies)
x		*	1976	Spain et al. (DD; Australia; cranial variation; 491-497.)
x			1977	Versaggi, C.S. (bone structure & function; m305.)
x			1977	Whitmore & Gard (HG; illustrations & measurements; 9-18, pls. 1-8.)
x			1978	Husson, A.M. (TMM; Suriname; skull measurements; 337-338.)
x			1978	Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; tusks & age determination; 301-310, 4 pls.)
x			1978	Lande, R. (evolutionary rate of limb loss; 74.)
x		*	1978	Mitchell, J. (DD; dentition & age determination; 317-348.)
x			1979	Cave, A.J.E. (DD, Trichechus; pterygoid hamulus; 530-531.)
x			1980	Arvy, L. (osteopetrosis; 309, 312,)
x		*	1980	Marsh, H. (DD; dentition & age determination; 181-201.)
x			1980	Domning & Myrick (TI; tetracycline marking of rib; 203-207.)
x			1981	Marsh & Kasuya (DD; tusks from lower latitudes have more accessory growth layers; 357-361.)
x			1981	Mitchell, J. (DD; Queensland; growth layers in tusks; 99-109.)
x			1981a	Spain & Marsh (DD; Australia; cranial variation; 143-161.)
x		*	1981b	Spain & Marsh (DD; standard skull measurements; 286-301.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (HG, etc.; in collections, 368-370; proportions, 375; bone density, 387-389; pelvis, 390-392; skull, 392-403.)
x			1982	Olsen, S.J. (TM; identification in archeological sites; 8, 41-42, 54, 56-57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 90.)
x			1983	Kleinschmidt, A. (HG; in collections; 763.)
x			1983	Rich, V. (HG; Bering Is.; discovery of skeleton; 415.)
x			1984	Currey, J. (pachyostosis; m227-228, 263-264.)
x			1984a	Domning, D.P. (HG; comment on V. Rich [1983]; 500.)
x			1984b	Kozawa, Y. (tooth enamel prisms; 438-440.)
			1984	Manzij & Piliptshuk (TM)
x	D		1985	Fortelius, M. (functional anatomy of cheek teeth; Trichechus, 11, 52-53, 65, 73; DD, 11; Desmostylus, 57.)
x			1985	Mackay-Sim et al. (TML; absence of nasopalatine ducts; 187-189.)
x			1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (cranial foramina; 268-269, 271-273, 279.)
x			1986	Bazzini et al. (TML; amedullary bones & sites of hemopoiesis; 150-152.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; variation; 87-144.)
			1986	Sukhanov & Manzij (TM)
			1986	Sukhanov et al. (TM; forelimb)
x			1986	Watson & Bonde (TM; ectrodactyly & cleft hand; 294-301.)
x			1988	Flannery, T. (HG; skeleton in Australian Museum, Sydney; 462.)
x			1988	Nojima, T. (DD, Trichechus; bony falx cerebri; 315, 320.)
		*	1988d	Pilleri, G.
x		*	1989	Buffrénil & Schoevaert (DD; pachyostosis; 2107-2119.)
x			1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian Gulf; skull measurements; 54, 70-71, 172-174.)
x			1990	Buffrénil et al. (pachyostosis, comp. w/ archaeocetes; 455, 463-465.)
x			1990	O'Shea & Reep (TML; body size & fusion of cranial sutures; 539-540.)
			1990	Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear region; affinities with elephants)
x	D		1991	Barriel & Tassy (Desmostylus; skull comp. w/ proboscideans; m18-19.)
x		*	1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (distr. of mass; hydrostatic adaptations; 331-368.)
x			1991a	Domning, D.P. (DD; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 311-316.)
x			1991	Frazier & Mundkur (DD; number of phalanges; 373-374.)
x			1991	Frey, R. (axial skeleton; locomotor aspects; 279-283.)
x			1991	Joeckel, R.M. (TM; mandibular proportions; 463.)
x			1992	Ketten et al. (TML; ear region; 77-95.)
			1992	Miyake et al. (rostral cartilages)
x			1992	Roth, V.L. (TI; variation in tooth size, comp. w/ elephants; 194-195, 197.)
x			1993	Cave, A.J.E. (TM; absence of pituitary fossa & dorsum sellae; 256-258.)
x			1995	Ricqlès & Buffrénil (HG; pachyosteosclerosis; 47-53.)
			1995	Domning, D.P. (DD; evolution; dental morphology & possible neoteny; feeding ecology, ballast, & deep diving)
x		*	1996	Giffin & Gillett (TM; homologies of cervical nerves & vertebrae; 214-218.)
x	D		1996	Kozawa et al. (enamel structure in sirs. & desmostylians; 353-357.)
x			1996	Marmontel et al. (TML, TMM; growth layers in bone; 54-88.)
			1998	Kobayashi & Nagasawa (Dusisiren dewana & other hydrodamalines; thoracic skeleton)
x			1998	Kondrashov, P.E. (TM; cranial & mandibular characters & phylogeny; 418-428.)
x			1999	Galis, F. (reduced number of cervical vertebrae ?related to Hox genes & metabolic rate; 19-20, 23.)
			1999	Klima, M.
			1999	Marchand, D. (supraoccipital bone)
x			2000	Fagone et al. (TML; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 177-181.)
x	D		2001d	Domning, D.P. (desmostylian tibia; 23-26.)
	D		2001	Sawamura, H. (Keton Desmostylus; vertebral formula; 27-32.)
	D	*	2002b	Domning, D.P. (terrestrial posture of desmostylians)
x			2002	Ames et al. (TML; zygomatic process of squamosal; lipid content & sound conduction; 625-634.)
			2004	D'Anastasio, R. (hyperostosis of ribs)
x			2004	Uhen, M.D. (sirs. comp. w/ Dorudon; TM, vertebrae, 147-152; ribs & buoyancy, 158-159.)
		*	2006b	Yan, Clifton et al. (TML; fracture toughness of rib)
			2006	Shapiro et al. (Trichechus; pelvic reduction; genetic origins)
	D	*	2006	Inuzuka, N.
			2006a	Lanyon & Sanson (DD; degenerate dentition & tooth wear)
		*	2006	Mattioli & Domning (HG; Commander Islands; skeletal material in museums; history of collecting)
			2006a	Yan, Clifton et al. (TML; rib bone; fracture mechanics)
	D		2006	Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan; forelimb)
x			2007	Ewan & Ewan (DD; reproduction of earliest illustrations of skull; 1038.)
		*	2007	Buchholtz et al. (TML; vertebral column)
		*	2007	Domning & Beatty (tusks)
			2007	Sanchez-V. et al. (vertebral number; synapomorphy of Afrotheria)
		*	2008b	Clifton et al. (TML; rib bone; quantitative fractography)
	D		2008	Domning & Pyenson (Paleoparadoxiidae; "snagging" teeth & premolar homologies)
		*	2008a	Clifton et al. (TML; mechanical properties of rib bone)
	D	*	2009	Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus hesperus; Utanobori, Japan; postcranial skeleton)
x			2009	Meredith et al. (DD; enamelin gene not degenerate; 3.)
		*	2009	Houssaye, A. (review of "pachyostosis")
	D		2009	Fujiwara et al. (Paleoparadoxia media; scapular position & strength of rib cage)
	D		2009	Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture)
		*	2010	Buffrénil et al. (evolution of pachyosteosclerosis)
x			2010	Hautier et al. (Trichechus; 7th vertebra predicted to be developmentally cervical; 18906.)
			2010	Lacreta et al. (TI; radius fracture)
			2010	Bizzarini & Reggiani (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., France; skull & dentition; reconstructed skeleton exhibited in Venice)
x	D		2011	Koenigswald, W.v. (Desmostylus hesperus; hypsodonty; 70, 79, 94.)
			2011	Thula et al. (mineralization of collagen)
			2011	Varela-L. et al. (cervical vertebrae, homeotic mutations)
		*	2012	Hoson et al. (Trichechus; fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
		*	2012	Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development; CT scans of TS & Miosiren kocki)
			2012	Buchholtz et al. (differentiation of cervical vertebrae & muscularization of diaphragm)
	D		2012	Fujiwara & Hutchinson (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi; elbow adductor moment arm & forelimb posture)
	D		2013	Hayashi et al. (desmostylians; bone histology & aquatic adaptation)
	D		2013	Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; osteology, paleoecological restoration)
		*	2013	Dumont et al. (DD, HG, TS; vertebral centra architecture)
x			2013	Senter & Snow (forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman" identified as Trichechus sp.; Brazil; 257-262.)
	D		2015	Thomas & Barnes (Neoparadoxia cecilialina; Late Mioc., California; osteochondrosis; 28-31.)
	D		2015	Houssaye et al. (osteosclerosis)
			2016	Canoville et al. (DD; rib microanatomy)
			2017	Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand)
	D	*	2018	Matsui et al. (Paleoparadoxia, Mioc., Fukushima, Japan; diagnosis of femoral morphologies for the Desmostylia.)
			2019	Lonati et al. (TML; periotic bones; age determination)
		*	2020	Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; pelvis; morphometric analysis)
			2020	Barboza & Larkin (TML; nasal cavity & turbinates)
			2021	Kerber & Moraes-Santos (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni; endocranial morphology; encephalization)
			2024	Lanyon et al. (DD; tusks; stable isotope analysis; milk-seagrass dietary shift)

Sobrarbesiren cardieli Diaz-Berenguer et al., 2018 ( 2 )

		*	2018	Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Eoc., Spain)
		*	2020	Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Eoc.; Spain; hind limbs)

Sobrarbesiren Diaz-Berenguer et al., 2018 ( 2 )

		*	2018	Diaz-Berenguer et al. (n.gen.; Eoc., Spain)
			2021	Averianov & Zvonok (comp. w/ indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea)

Sonar or Radar Detection of Sirenians ( 20 )

x		1982	Fletemeyer, J. (TML; Florida; pop. acc.; 296-299.)
x	*	1983b	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; Florida; experiments; 9-12.)
x		1995	Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; 402-405, 407-408.)
		2006	Tsutsumi et al. (DD; feeding; passive acoustical monitoring)
		2007	Muanke & Niezrecki (passive acoustic localization)
	*	2007	Jaffe et al. (TML)
		2008	Rodas-Trejo et al. (TMM; Chiapas, Mexico)
		2009	Gonzalez-S. et al. (TML, TMM; Florida & Mexico; detection by side-scan sonar)
		2012	Gonzalez & Olivera (TM; side-scan sonar)
	*	2012	Tinelli et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc., Italy; ground-penetrating radar)
		2012	Gonzalez-S. & Olivera-G.
		2012b	Aragones et al. (side-scan sonar surveys of distribution)
		2014	2014 Kikuchi, Akamatsu, Gonzalez, et al. (Trichechus; detection of feeding events by sound recorders.)
		2017	Guzman, H.M, & Condit, R. (TMM; Panama; abundance estimated from from side-scan sonar.)
		2019	McLarty et al. (TMM; Cuba; habitat characterization using side-scan sonar)
		2020	Corona-Figueroa et al. (TMM; Hondo River, Belize & Mexico; habitat use)
		2022	Rycyk et al. (TS; detection of vocalizations by transfer learning)
		2022	Factheu, C.; et al. (TS; acoustic detection)
		2024	Schiappacasse et al. (Detection of manatee vocalisations using the Audio Spectrogram Transformer.)
		2024	Erbs et al. (TI; Brazil, critical habitat revealed by artificial intelligence-based passive acoustic techniques.)

Sound Production ( 89 )

x		1820b	Home, E. (DD; laryngeal cartilages; 319.)
x		1820	Raffles, T.S. (DD; 181.)
x		1834	Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; 113.)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 166.)
x		1889	Scammon, C.M. (TML; in capt.; 581-582.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (Trichechus; in capt.; no sounds produced; 219.)
x	*	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, 54, 58-59; HG, Trichechus, 59.)
x		1923a	Petit, G. (DD; 76.)
x		1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; grazing, 217; breathing, 218.)
x		1936	Lopes, A.P. (DD; Mozambique; said to "cry out"; 30, 35.)
x	*	1937	Barbour, T. (TML; Florida; in late pregnancy; 107.)
x		1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; in late pregnancy; 60.)
x		1947	Harwood, K. (TM; in capt.; "bellow" when hungry; 50.)
x		1954	Gunter, G. (TML; Florida; 545.)
x		1954	Lawrence, J.E. (TML; Florida; pop. acc.; 403.)
x	*	1955	Kellogg, W.N. (TML; Florida; phonograph record of vocalizations.)
x		1956b	Anon. (TMM; Puerto Rico; 39.)
x		1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; 6.)
		1963	Brandt, O.
		1963	Busnel, R.
x		1963	Pfeffer, P. (DD; 149.)
		1963	Tembrock, G.
x		1964a	Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; 118.)
x	*	1965	Schevill & Watkins (TML; Florida; 373-374.)
		1967	Evans, W.E. (TML; vocalizations)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (DD; no sounds produced; 219.)
x		1967	Welsby, T. (female DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; 2: 235.)
x		1968	Charnock-Wilson, J. (Trichechus; m294.)
		1969	Evans & Bastian
x		1969	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 346, 348, 350.)
x		1969	Herald, E.S. (TI; in capt.; sounds different from those of TML; m30.)
x	*	1970	Evans & Herald (TI; in capt.; 820-823.)
x		1971	Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; "whistling"; 397.)
x	*	1973	Sonoda & Takemura (TMM, TI; in capt.; vocalizations; 19-24.)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD; in capt.; 39.)
x	*	1977	Nair & Lal Mohan (DD; India; sound recordings; 277-278.)
x		1978	Marsh et al. (DD; vocalizations; 166, 168.)
x		1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; ?use of nasal passages; 119.)
x	*	1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 85-86, 92, 96, 98-100, 105, 108, 113-114, 116, 130, 135-136.)
x		1980	Bullock et al. (TI; sound frequencies comp. w/ hearing sensitivity; 130-133.)
x		1981b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; in capt.; correlation of sounds with movements of facial skin; 94.)
x		1981b	Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; female-calf vocalizations, 442-443, 446-447; vocalizations during "body-surfing", m444, m447; vocalizations in general, 447.)
x		1982b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 93-95.)
x		1982	Bullock et al. (TI, TML; ultrasonic vocalizations; 548, 552.)
x		1982	Steel & Morris (TML; vocalizations; 925.)
x		1983	Steel, C. (TML; vocalizations; gen. acc.; 3160-3161.)
x		1984	Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; 640.)
x	*	1985	Bengtson & Fitzgerald (TML; Florida; social functions; 816-819.)
x		1993	Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; "chirps" and associated nasal movements; 55.)
x	*	1995	Anderson & Barclay (DD; Australia; acoustic signals; 1226-1237.)
x		1997	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; acoustic signals; 443, 456-457.)
		2002	Rountree et al.
		2002	Rountree et al. (TM)
	*	2002	Sousa-Lima et al. (TI)
		2003	Niezrecki et al.
		2003	Nowacek et al. (TM)
		2004	Phillips et al. (TM; vocalizations)
		2005	Yan et al.
	*	2006	Mann et al. (TML, TMM; nonlinear dynamics in vocalizations)
		2006	Ichikawa et al. (DD; vocalizations)
		2006	O'Shea & Poche (TML; underwater sound communication)
		2006	Yan, Niezrecki et al. (TML; background noise cancellation of vocalizations)
		2007	Okumura, N.; Ichikawa, K,; Akamatsu,; T.; et al. (DD; stability of call sequence in vocalizations)
		2007	Gur & Niezrecki (TM; denoising of vocalizations)
	*	2008	Sousa-Lima et al. (TMM; in capt., Brazil; vocalizations)
		2009	Ichikawa, Akamatsu, Shinke et al. (DD; vocalizations & playback of conspecific calls.)
		2009	Miksis-Olds & Tyack (TM; noise levels & vocalizations)
		2009	Gur & Niezrecki (TML; acoustic enhancement of vocalizations)
		2011	Ichikawa et al. (DD; response to calls)
		2011	Grossman et al. (TML; modeling respiratory tract)
		2011	Gur & Niezrecki (algorithm for enhancing manatee vocalizations)
		2013	Parsons et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; vocalizations)
		2014	2014 Kikuchi, Akamatsu, Gonzalez, et al. (Trichechus; detection of feeding events by sound recorders.)
		2017	Tanaka et al. (DD; Thailand; vocalisation patterns)
		2017	Umeed et al. (TMM; vocalizations)
	*	2020	Yamato et al. (DD; automatic detection of feeding sounds)
	*	2020	Ramos et al. (TMM; Belize; ultrasonic vocalizations)
		2020	Brady et al. (TML; classification of vocalizations)
	*	2021	Tanaka et al. (DD; classification of calls)
	*	2021	Rycyk et al. (TS; vocalizations & passive acoustic monitoring)
	*	2021	Brady et al. (TML; vocalizations related to behavior)
		2022	Rycyk et al. (TS; detection of vocalizations by transfer learning)
		2023	Ramos et al. (TMM calves; change vocal behavior in anticipation of feeding.)
		2023	Reyes-Arias et al. (TMM; West Indies; variation in vocalizations.)
		2023	Umeed, Lucchini et al. (TMM; acoustic interactions between free-living mothers & calves)
		2024	Lian-Gang Lu, et al. (DD; Thailand; four call types)
		2024	Schneider et al. (classification of manatee call categories using artificial intelligence.)
		2024	Jiang et al. (DD; chirp type classification)
	*	2024	Lu et al. (DD; Thailand; call types.)

South America ( 51 )

(SEE ALSO under countries)

		1641	Acuña, C. d'
x		1666	La Barre, A. (TMM; Guianas; meat obtained by French, English, & Dutch; 14, m31.)
		1746	Barbot, J.
		1749	Condamine, C.M. de la
x		1763	Bellin, S. (TMM; Guianas; gen. acc.; 65-66, pl. 5.)
		1779	Caulín, A. (TMM)
x		1809a	Cuvier, G. (Trichechus, distr., 282; TMM, Cayenne, 283.)
x		1813	Ulloa, A. de (TI; R. Marañon; 513.)
		1835-36	Poeppig, E.F.
x		1869	Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; hunting, etc.; 1: 671-673, 2: 149-157, 202-204.)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; econ. use; pop. acc.; 166.)
x		1875	Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; 2: 42, 45, 187-194, 235-237.)
x		1876	Orton, J. (TI; Amazonia; 215, 299, 477.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. ("dugong" reported from Pacific coast; m293.)
		1879-82	Alston, E.R.
		1879	Mathews, E.D.
x		1884b	True, F.W. (Trichechus; distr.; 115-116, 123.)
x		1914	Fountain, P. (TI; Amazonia; 303-304.)
x		1931	Tate, G.H.H. (Trichechus; hunting; 253.)
		1933	Bueno, R.
x		1939	Wavrin, M. de (Trichechus; northern coast & Amazonia; hunting; 194-196.)
x		1946	Baughman, J.L. (Trichechus; early accounts; 235-237.)
x		1957	Meggers & Evans (TMM; hunting & trading by Indians; m570.)
x		1960	Vúletin, A. (TMM; Chile [!]; m124.)
x		1962	Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; Guyana, Suriname, Amazon basin; 1329.)
		1965	Crowe, P.K.
		1971	Meggers, B.J. (Amazonia)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (TI, TMM; distr. & status; 317-321.)
		1973	Sterling, T. (Amazon R.; pop. acc.)
x		1974	Savage, J.M. (Trichechus; zoogeography; 15, 20, 26, 29.)
		1977	Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I.
x		1977	Lovisek, J. (TMM, TI; distr. & conservation; pop. acc.; 62-64.)
x		1981d	Domning, D.P. (sir. & aquatic plant paleoecology; 419.)
x	*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (role in trichechid evolution, 599, 605-607, 610-613, 616; evolution of floating meadows & changes in Amazonian drainage pattern, 610-613.)
x		1983a	Domning, D.P. (manatee evolution & ecology; pop. acc.; 10-11.)
x		1984b	Best, R.C. (TI; Amazonia; gen. acc.; 371-377.)
x	*	1989	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 567-570, 584-591, 599, 607-609.)
		1991	Pinto de Lima & Borobia (TMM; South America)
x		1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (distr. & status; TMM, 158; TI, 160.)
x	*	1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (fossil sirs.; review; 322, 325-328.)
	*	2001	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; status & biogeography)
		2006	Bianucci et al. (Late Mioc., Chile)
		2011	Cione et al. (Metaxytherium, Dioplotherium; Mioc.)
		2012	Satizabal et al. (TI, TMM; South America; phylogeography)
		2012	Rosa de Oliveira et al. (South America; conservation, genetics, phylogeography)
	*	2012	Marmontel et al. (TI; distribution, status, & conservation)
		2016	Cosentino & Fisher (TI, TM; as bushmeat)
	*	2019	Lima et al. (TI x TM hybrid zone near Amazon River mouth)
		2020	Bonvicino et al. (TM, TI; South America; distribution)
	*	2021	Souza et al. (Trichechidae; mitogenomes; evolutionary history)
		2024.	de Lima, et al. (northern coast; TM, TI: origins and maintenance of an interspecific hybrid zone.)

South Carolina ( 34 )

x		1844	Smith, J.L. (fossil ?Manatus; 116-117.)
		1848	Tuomey, M.
x		1849	Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; "Eoc."; 193.)
x		1850	Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; "Eoc."; 67-68.)
x	*	1856b	Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus, n.sp.; 165.)
x	*	1873	Leidy, J. (Manatus inornatus, n.sp.; 336-337, pl. 37.)
		1876	Anon.
x		1876	Leidy, J. ("manatee"; Ashley phosphate beds; m570.)
x		1877	Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus; m211, 214.)
x	*	1883a	Cope, E.D. (Dioplotherium manigaulti, n.gen.n.sp., Mioc., 52-54; cf. Halitherium, 54.)
x		1886	Manigault, G. (Dioplotherium; discovery; 91-92.)
x	*	1926	Allen, G.M. (Halitherium, Metaxytherium; 455-459, pls. 2-3.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (review of fossil sirs.; 443-445.)
x		1959	Malde, H.E. (indeterminate sir.; Olig.; 19, 21.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (Mioc. sirs.; 78, 91-92.)
x	*	1974a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; 47-53.)
x		1974	Sanders, A.E. (Eoc.; m8.)
x		1975	Wray, P. (TML; pop. acc.; 21-22.)
		1980	Roth & Laerm (TM; Pleist., Edisto)
x		1980	Sanders, A.E. (Halitherium, Metaxytherium; Olig.; 612.)
x		1981	Brownell & Ralls (TML; carcass salvaged; 153.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (Eoc. sirs.; 4, 6, 12-13.)
x	*	1982	Rathbun et al. (TML; 154, 156-157, 160-163.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; Pleist.; m136.)
x		1986	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; pop. acc.; 6-10.)
x		1988a	O'Shea, T.J. (TML; 198-199.)
x	*	1989c	Domning, D.P. (Dioplotherium manigaulti; ?Mioc.; 415-418.)
x		1997b	Domning, D.P. (Crenatosiren olseni; Late Oligocene, Charleston area; 397-399.)
	*	2005	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus manatus bakerorum, n.subsp.)
		2010	Beatty & Geisler (Protosiren sp.; Middle Eoc.)
	*	2014a	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Metaxytherium albifontanum, n.sp.; Late Olig.)
	*	2014b	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Priscosiren atlantica, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Olig., Puerto Rico & South Carolina)
	*	2019	Domning & Beatty (Stegosiren macei n.gen.n.sp.; Olig.)
	*	2019	Albright et al. (Sir. fossil record summarized)

Spain ( 52 )

		1881	Maureta & Thos (Metaxytherium; Mioc.)
		1896	Almera, D.J.
		1897	Almera, D.J.
		1898	Almera, D.J.
		1899a	Almera, D.J.
		1899b	Almera, D.J.
x		1906	Almera, D.J. ("Halitherium sp."; Middle Eoc.; 379.)
		1911	Douvillé, H.
		1918	Bataller, J.R.
x		1919	Gómez Llueca, F. (Metaxytherium Cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 54-59, 61, 64.)
		1926	Carbonell & Trillo-Figueroa
		1926	Font i Sagué, N.
x		1946	Bauzá, J. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 376, pl. 18.)
x		1949	Colom & Bauzá (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 91-92, pl. 7.)
		1950	Via, L.
x		1952	Cañigueral, J. (Metaxytherium; Mioc., Mallorca; 387-390.)
x		1956	Bataller, J.R. (Metaxytherium cuvieri, Mioc., 24-25, pls. 6-8; Halitherium, Eoc., 25.)
		1956	Marcet-Riba, J. (Eoc.)
		1959	Crusafont-Pairó, M.
		1959	Farrés & Ramirez (Eoc.)
		1961	Farrés, F. (Eoc.)
		1962	Farrés, F. (Eoc.)
		1967	Reguant, S. (Eoc.)
		1969	Calzada, S. (Metaxytherium; Mioc.)
x	*	1973	Crusafont-Pairó, M. (list & bibliography of sir. occurrences in Spain & Mallorca; 96-98.)
		1975	Crusafont-Pairó & Golpe Posse (Halianassa cuvieri)
		1988b	Pilleri, G. (Metaxytherium; Mioc.; pathology)
	*	1989	Pilleri et al. (Catalonia)
		1989	Pilleri, G. (Metaxytherium; Mioc., Cerro Gordo; endocranial cast)
		1992	Galobart et al.
		1994	Aragonés i Valls, E. (discovery of Metaxytherium catalaunicum in 1869)
		1997	Montoya, P.
x		1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (specimens in Barcelona; Metaxytherium, Mioc., 23, 45, 57, 61, 171-172, 174-175, 227; Prototherium, Eoc., 114.)
		1998	Gómez, G.
		1998	Sendra, J.R. (Mioc.; Crevillente)
		1998	Sendra et al. (Plioc.; Almería)
		1998	Gómez, G. (Eoc.)
		1999	Sendra et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc.; Pilar de la Horadada)
		1999	Astibia et al. (Eoc.)
x		2001	Bernal, F. (Metaxytherium; Upper Mioc., Mazarrón, Murcia; pop.acc.; 3.)
		2005	Astibia et al. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eocene, Navarre; taphonomy)
		2006	Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; Middle Eoc., Navarre)
		2008	Buffrénil et al. (Prototherium monserratense & undetermined dugongids; Eoc.; pachyosteosclerosis)
		2010	Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; early Middle Eoc., Navarre)
		2010	Balaguer, J. (middle Eoc.; Tona, Spain)
	*	2012	Sorbi et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc.)
		2016	Fuentes-Buxó & Fuentes-Buxó (Girona; Middle Eoc.)
	*	2016	Balaguer & Alba (Prototherium ausetanum, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Catalonia)
		2016	Gagnaison et al. (?dugongid; early Middle Eocene, Aragon)
	*	2018	Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Eoc., Huesca)
		2019	Voss et al. (Girona; Middle Eoc.)
		2020	Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli; Eoc.; hind limbs)

Sri Lanka ( 53 )

(formerly Ceylon)

		1852-53	Kelaart, E.F. (DD)
		1859	Tennent, J.E. (DD)
		1861	Tennent, J.E.
x	*	1877	Megasthenes (DD; early 3rd century B.C.E.; 55.)
		1883	Haley, A. (DD)
		1885	Nevill, H. (DD)
x		1895	Thurston, E. (DD; 98-99.)
x		1905	Linstow, O.v. (DD; nematode Ascaris halicoris; Gulf of Mannar; m258.)
		1905	Wiley, A. (DD)
		1914	Millett, M.W.
		1926	Rasanayagam & Mudaliyar (DD)
		1927	Phillips, W.W.A.
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (DD; 85-86.)
		1933	Deraniyagala, P.E.P.
x		1951	Crusz, H. (DD; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 135.)
x		1953	Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; dentition; 139.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD; trematodes; 499-502.)
		1959c	Anon. (DD; Gulf of Mannar; killed with dynamite)
x		1959	De Silva, J.A. (DD; conservation; 173-174.)
x		1959	Spittel, R.L. (DD; captures; 174-175.)
x		1960b	Anon. (Trichechus; proposed use for weed control; m5.)
x		1960c	Anon. (Trichechus; proposed use for weed control; m70.)
x		1960	Crusz, H. (DD; pop. acc.; 300-302.)
x		1960	Jonklaas, R. (DD; status; 302-304.)
x	*	1960	Norris, C.E. (DD; distr.; 296-300.)
x		1960	Spittel, R.L. (DD; sanctuary proposed; 304-305.)
xx		1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; distr. & conservation; 1, 7-8.)
x		1961	Santapau & Abdulali (DD; m796.)
		1963	Kulatunge, D.
		1965b	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (DD)
x		1966	Thomas, D. (DD; meat imported from India; 80-81.)
x	*	1969a	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius; Mioc.; 97.)
x		1969b	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius; Mioc.; 235-237.)
	*	1969c	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc.)
x		1970a	Bertram & Bertram (DD; 53-55.)
x		1970b	Bertram & Bertram (DD; 362-364.)
x		1970	Howes & Bamber (DD; teeth; 327.)
x		1971	Hoffmann, T.W. (DD; protective legislation; m182.)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status; 308, 315-316.)
	*	1980	Jones, S.
		1980	Lal Mohan, R.S.
x		1981	Jones, S. (DD; distr. & status; 45-52.)
x		1981	Santiapillai, C. (DD; ecology & conservation; 2-6.)
		1983	Jones, S.
		1984	Leatherwood et al. (DD)
		1987	Bertram, G.C.L. (DD)
x	*	1989	Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; status, distr., catch, conservation; 4-5, 7, 61, 64, 80, 82-91, 105, 129-132.)
		2008	Ilangakoon et al. (DD; Gulf of Mannar)
	*	2012a	Hines, E. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
	*	2013	Yapa & Ratnavira (DD)
		2015	Nanayakkara et al. (DD; northern Sri Lanka; destructive fishing)
		2016	Nanayakkara, de Mel, et al. (DD; the fisher's perspective)
	*	2019	Martenstyn, H.

St. Helena ( 10 )

		1679	SEE Kitching, G.C., 1936.
		1703-05	Dampier, W.
		1817	Leech, T.
		1843	Henry, W.
		1880	Janisch
		1899	Lydekker, R.
		1933a	Mortensen, T.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (occurrence of "manatees"; 560.)
x		1934a	Mortensen, T. ("manatee" a sea lion; 417.)
x	*	1936	Kitching, G.C. (early records of "manatees"; 33-34.)

Stamps, Sirenians on Postage ( 13 )

(SEE ALSO Appendix 3)

	1962b	Anon.
	1977c	Anon. (DD; Kenya)
	1979b	Anon.
x	1979	Nishiwaki et al. (DD; Ryukyus & Tanzania; 141.)
x	1981b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; 131.)
x	1981	Maynes & Hudson (DD; Papua New Guinea; 4-6.)
x	1982	Riemer, D.N. (lists 11 stamps; 19-23.)
x	1983	Gomez, E.D. (lists 28 stamps; 121.)
x	1983	Marsh, H. (DD stamp proposed; Vanuatu; 4.)
x	1991b	Kamiya, T. (DD; Ryukyus; 428-429.)
	1995	Kataoka et al. (DD cancellation, 1989; Philippines; 59.)
x	1996a	Domning, D.P. (lists 47 stamps & 2 coins; 372-374.)
	1996	Kirk, G. (TS, Niger, 1962; 8-9.)

Stegosiren Domning & Beatty, 2019 ( 1 )

2019

Domning & Beatty (n.gen.; Olig., South Carolina)

Stegosiren macei Domning & Beatty, 2019 ( 1 )

2019

Domning & Beatty (n.gen.n.sp.; Olig., South Carolina)

Stellera, Bowdich, 1821 ( 4 )

(intended only as vernacular name; = Hydrodamalis)

	*	1821	Bowdich, T.E.
x		1840	Baer, K.E.v. ("Stellere, G. Cuvier"; syn. of Rytina; m53.)
x		1925	ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 38.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.)

Steller's Sea Cow: SEE Hydrodamalis gigas and synonyms ( 0 )

Stellerus borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Desmarest, 1822 ( 6 )

(= Hydrodamalis gigas)

	*	1822	Desmarest, A.G. (n.comb.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m279.)
x		1835b	Duvernoy, G.L. (in classification; tab. 4.)
x		1837	Richardson, J. (m162.)
x		1838a	Owen, R. (cecum, m32; lack of gall bladder, m34; heart, m35; lungs, m36; kidney, m39.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.)

Stellerus Desmarest, 1822 ( 7 )

(= Hydrodamalis)

	*	1822	Desmarest, A.G. (n.gen.)
x		1825	Gray, J.E. (in classification; m341.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m278.)
		1839	Desmarest, E.? ("Stellurus"?)
x		1840	Baer, K.E.v. (syn. of Rytina; m53.)
x		1872a	Gill, T. (syn. of Rhytina; m92.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.)

Superstition: SEE Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )

Suriname ( 31 )

		1613	Harcourt, R.
		1667	Warren, G.
		1695	Berkel, A. van
		1718	Herlein, J.D.
x		1796	Stedman, J.G. (TMM, 1: 221, 2: 175-176; "mermaid", 2: 176-178.)
		1807	Quandt, C.
		1810	Sack, A.v.
x		1857	Jäger, G. (TMM; skulls; 91, 97.)
x		1857	Rapp, W.v. (TMM; anatomy; 88.)
		1862a	Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; osteology)
		1872	Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; pelvis)
x		1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; in capt.; 192-193.)
		1887	Jentink, F.A.
		1887	Kappler, A. (TMM; in capt.)
x		1887	Martin, J.K. (TMM; 27.)
x		1897b	Kükenthal, W. (Manatus Köllikeri, n.sp.; 40.)
x		1949	Sanderson, I.T. (TMM; 781.)
		1961	De Jong, C.
x		1963	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; status; 90-91.)
		1966	Vermeulen, J.
	*	1967a	Dekker, D. (TMM)
		1971	De Jong, C. (TMM; exploitation)
		1973	Husson, A.M.
x		1973	Sonoda & Takemura (TMM; 2 captured; 19.)
x		1974a	Dekker, D. (TMM; 4 captured; 68.)
x		1974b	Dekker, D. (TMM; gen. acc.; 1-3.)
x		1977	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; use for weed control; 107.)
x	*	1978	Husson, A.M. (TMM; distr. & natural history; 334-339.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (TMM; possible morphological distinctiveness of Suriname population; 125-126.)
x		1989	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 587, 608.)
		1993	Mohadin, K.

Switzerland ( 4 )

x		1837	Meyer, H.v. (Manatus Studeri, n.sp. [nomen nudum]; Mioc., Mäggenwyl; 677.)
x		1847	Meyer, H.v. (?Metaxytherium; Otmarsingen; 189-190.)
		1887	Studer, T. (Halianassa studeri)
	*	1987	Pilleri, G.

Daryl P. Domning, Research Associate, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, and Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059.