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East Indies ( 135 )
(SEE ALSO: Asia; Australia; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippine Islands)
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1634 |
Herbert, T. |
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1644 |
Van der Hagen, S. |
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1686 |
Tachard, G. |
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1704 |
Tappe, D. |
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1754 |
Renard, L. |
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1773 |
Bernardin de St.-Pierre, J.H. |
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1780 |
Herbert & Michelson |
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1811 |
Marsden, W. |
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| x |
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1820 |
Diard & Duvaucel (DD; Singapore; 160.) |
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| x |
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1820a |
Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; m145.) |
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| x |
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1820 |
Raffles, T.S. (DD; Singapore; m174, 180.) |
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| x |
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1821a |
Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; m268.) |
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1821 |
Raffles, T.S. |
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1835 |
Raffles, T.S. (DD; Singapore) |
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1838 |
Unienville, M.C.A.M. d' |
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| x |
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1838 |
Waterhouse, G.R. (DD; Sumatra; 35.) |
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1839 |
Rigg, J. (Mioc., Java) |
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1845 |
Brumund, J.F.G. (DD; Aru Islands) |
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1846 |
Cantor, T.E. (DD; Malaysia) |
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1862 |
Galvano, A. |
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1867 |
Rosenberg, C.B.H.v (DD; Aru Islands) |
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| x |
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1869a |
Bickmore, A.S. (DD; Aru Islands; 244.) |
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| x |
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1869b |
Bickmore, A.S. (DD; Aru Islands; 182.) |
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1875 |
Milne-Edwards, A. |
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1889 |
Jacobsen (DD; Indonesia) |
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1895 |
Ridley, H.W. (Malay Peninsula) |
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1900 |
Flower, S.S. (DD) |
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1901b |
Finsch, O. |
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| x |
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1905 |
Linstow, O.v. (DD; Penang; nematode Ascaris halicoris; m258.) |
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1905 |
Pitot, A. |
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| x |
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1906b |
Dexler & Freund (DD; Coral Sea, 49; Malay Archipelago, 63-64.) |
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1907 |
Gardiner, J.S. |
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| x |
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1908 |
Hanitsch, R. (DD from Borneo; in capt., Singapore, in 1895; 13.) |
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1909 |
Fauvel, A.A. |
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1910 |
Fryer, J.C.F. |
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1925 |
Chasen, F.N. (DD; Singapore) |
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1929 |
Dammermann, K.W. (DD; Boeroe Is.) |
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1931 |
Banks, E.A. |
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1938 |
Asano, N. |
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1939 |
Hirasaka, K. |
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1947 |
Tate, G.H.H. |
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1951 |
Delsman, H.C. |
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| x |
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* |
1952 |
Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (Indosiren javanensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Mioc., Java; 610-612.) |
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1954 |
Tweedie & Harrison (DD; Malaysia) |
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1956 |
Holme, T.K. (Malaya) |
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1959 |
Apaiwongs, C. (DD; Thailand.) |
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| x |
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* |
1963 |
Pfeffer, P. (DD; Indonesia; 149-151.) |
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| x |
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1965 |
Harrisson, T. (DD; Borneo, Sabah; status; 103.) |
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1965 |
Medway, L. |
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1966 |
Harrison, J.L. (DD; Singapore) |
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1969 |
De Silva, G.S. (Sabah) |
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1969 |
Dupon, J.F. |
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1970 |
Bland, G.C. |
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| x |
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1971 |
Almeida, A. de (DD; Timor; legends; 209, 211-212, 220.) |
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1971 |
Chin, L. (Sarawak) |
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| x |
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1973 |
Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr.; 308-309.) |
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| x |
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1974 |
Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Indonesia; need for survey; 18-19.) |
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1974 |
Langham, N.P.E. (DD; Malaysia) |
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1974a |
MacVeigh, W.P. |
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| x |
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1974b |
Macveigh, W.P. (DD; Johore Strait; Bland's [1970] report; 117.) |
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| x |
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1974 |
Morton, B.S. (DD; Johore Strait; challenges Bland's [1970] report; 172.) |
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1974 |
Phillipps, C. (DD; Sabah) |
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| x |
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* |
1976 |
Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; 33-48.) |
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1976 |
Langham, N.P.E. (DD; Malaysia) |
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| x |
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1976 |
Tas'an (DD from Sulawesi; in capt., Jakarta; 1-12.) |
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| x |
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1977 |
Van Bree & Duguy (DD; Indochina & New Caledonia; 290-291.) |
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| x |
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1978 |
Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; Celebes, Luzon, Mulgrave & Thursday Islands; 301-303.) |
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| x |
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1978 |
Taylor, D. (DD; Sumatra; tears used as aphrodisiac; 203-213.) |
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1978 |
Tweedie, M.W.F. (DD) |
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| x |
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1979 |
Budiarso et al. (DD; Sulawesi; nasal parasites; 568.) |
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1979 |
Irwandi & Jarman (DD; Indonesia) |
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| x |
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1979 |
Kamiya et al. (DD; Sulawesi; organ weights; 129-131.) |
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| x |
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1979 |
Miyazaki et al. (DD; Sulawesi; metals & organochlorines in tissues; 125-126.) |
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| x |
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* |
1979 |
Tas'an et al. (DD; Indonesia; distr., capture, & captive maintenance; 1-30.) |
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| x |
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1980 |
Blair, D. (DD; Indonesia; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 512-513.) |
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* |
1980 |
Compost, A. (DD; Aru Islands) |
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| x |
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1981b |
Blair, D. (DD; Indonesia; parasitic flukes; 15.) |
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| x |
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* |
1981 |
Hendrokusumo et al. (DD; Indonesia; distr.; 10-18.) |
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1982 |
Rancurel & Intes (DD; New Caledonia; remains in tiger shark stomachs) |
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1984a |
Salm & Usher (DD; Indonesia) |
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1984b |
Salm & Usher (DD; Indonesia) |
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| x |
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1987 |
Whitten et al. (DD; Sulawesi; distr.; 208-209.) |
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1988d |
Anon. (DD; Singapore) |
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| x |
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1988 |
Ho, H.C. (DD; Singapore, Malaysia; 22-25.) |
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1989 |
Petocz, R.G. (DD; Irian Jaya) |
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1989 |
Chambers & Bani (DD; Vanuatu) |
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1990 |
Sigurdsson & Yang (DD; Singapore) |
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| x |
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* |
1990 |
Sigurdsson & Yang (DD; Singapore; 25-29, 33-34.) |
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| x |
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* |
1991 |
Pietsch, T.W. (mermaid painting by S. Fallours probably based on a dugong from Ambon; 1-25.) |
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| x |
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1992 |
Whitten & Whitten (DD; Indonesia; pop. acc.; 60-61.) |
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| x |
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1993 |
Erftemeijer et al. (DD; South Sulawesi; stomach contents; 229-233.) |
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| x |
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1993 |
Marsh et al. (DD; Oceania; conservation; 232-234.) |
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1993 |
Sea Aueng et al. (DD; Thailand) |
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| x |
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1994 |
Ho et al. (DD; Singapore; gen. acc.; 249.) |
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| x |
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1994 |
Kemper et al. (DD; Sulawesi; heavy metals, organochlorines; 131-133, 135, 137.) |
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| x |
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1994 |
Marsh & Lefebvre (DD; distr. & status; 161, 163.) |
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| x |
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1994 |
Payne & Francis (DD; Borneo; gen. acc.; 291.) |
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| x |
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1995 |
De Iongh, Wenno & Meelis (DD; Ambon, Indonesia; seagrasses & grazing; 1-19.) |
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| x |
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1995 |
De Iongh, Wenno et al. (Lease Islands, Indonesia; aerial survey; 759-761.) |
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| x |
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1995 |
Knappert, J. (Malaysia, Indonesia, Manus Islands; legends of origin of dugong; 68.) |
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1996 |
De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Aru, Indonesia) |
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1996 |
De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia; in capt.; food preferences) |
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| x |
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1996 |
Blaszkiewitz & Reinhard (DD; in capt., Surabaya; 878-881.) |
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1996 |
De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Aru, Indonesia; status) |
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1996 |
Persoon & De Iongh (DD; Indonesia) |
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1996 |
Reinhard, R. (TMM, Singapore; DD, Jakarta, Surabaya; in capt.; 22-24.) |
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| x |
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1997 |
Beasley & Jefferson (DD; Borneo; distr.; 194, 202, 204, pl. 34.) |
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| x |
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1997 |
De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia, Lease Islands; behavior; 71-77.) |
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1998 |
De Iongh et al. (DD; Lease Islands, Indonesia) |
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| x |
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1999 |
Abdullah, M.K. (DD; in capt., Malaysia; release policy; 8.) |
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1999 |
De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Indonesia; marine reserves) |
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2001 |
Chua et al. (DD; Singapore; in capt.) |
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2001 |
Chua et al. (DD, in capt.; Singapore) |
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2003 |
Kuriandewa et al. (DD; in capt.; Indonesia; 180.) |
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2006 |
Rajamani et al. (DD; Sabah, Malaysia; indigenous use and trade) |
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2009 |
Jaaman et al. (DD; East Malaysia; bycatch) |
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2010 |
Rajamani & Marsh (DD; Malaysia; aerial surveys & conservation) |
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2011 |
Adulyanukosol et al. (DD; Thailand; morphology and organ weight) |
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2012 |
Tan et al. (DD, Singapore) |
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2013 |
Rajamani, L. (DD; Sulu Sea, Malaysia; community knowledge & conservation) |
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2015 |
Nontji, A. (DD; Indonesia; "dugong princess" legends) |
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2017 |
Cleguer et al. (DD; New Caledonia; abundance) |
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2017 |
Hashim, M. et al. (DD; Johor Straits, Malaysia; conservation) |
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2017 |
Moore et al. (DD; Indonesia; conservation, economic use, folklore) |
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2018 |
Syafutra et al. (DD; Bangka Island, Indonesia) |
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2018 |
Angelo, G. C. (DD; Timor-Leste) |
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2019 |
Nurdin et al. (DD; Indonesia; nutritional value of seagrass species) |
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2020 |
Idris et al. (DD; Bintan Island, Indonesia) |
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2020 |
Cherdsukjai et al. (DD; Thailand; age determination by telomere length, body length & weight) |
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2021 |
Forth, G. (DD; Flores Island; myths & superstitions; economic uses) |
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2022 |
Ng et al. (DD; Johor & Singapore Straits; community ecology; conservation) |
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2023 |
Rahim et al. (DD; bycatch estimates; Brunei Bay, Malaysia.) |
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2024 |
Dewi et al. (DD; habitat in East Java Province, Indonesia.) |
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2024 |
Edyvane et al. (DD, Arafura and Timor Seas.) |
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2024 |
Koh, E. J. K. (DD; A cultural and environmental history of the dugong in the Asia-Pacific.) |
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Ecology: SEE Behavior; Community Ecology; Food; Food Plants; Insect Control; Migration and Movements; Natural Enemies; Paleoecology; Parasites; Parasitology; Pollution, Effects of; Population Biology; Salinity Tolerance; Temperature, Effects of; Weed Control ( 0 )
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Economic Uses ( 239 )
(SEE ALSO: Archeological Sites, Sirenia at; Hunting and Capture; Medicinal Applications; Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance; Weed Control)
| x |
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1665 |
Rochefort, C. de (TMM; Antilles; hide, meat; 194-195.) |
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| x |
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1666 |
La Barre, A. (TMM; Guianas; meat obtained by French, English, & Dutch; 14.) |
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| x |
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1667 |
Rochefort, C. de (TMM; Antilles; hide, meat; 391-394.) |
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1678 |
Exquemelin, A.O. |
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| x |
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* |
1735 |
Vieira, A. (Trichechus; Amazonia, Brazil; >20 shiploads/year exported, ca. 1658; 26.) |
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| x |
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1743 |
Barrere, P. (TMM; French Guiana; meat; 161-162.) |
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1746 |
Barbot, J. |
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1762 |
Queirós, J. de S.J. (TI; Brazil; fat) |
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1764 |
Soimonov, F.I. (HG; hide used for boats) |
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| x |
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1782 |
Duhamel du Monceau, H.L. (Trichechus; South & Central America & Antilles; 57-59.) |
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| x |
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1785 |
Bondaroy, A.D.F. de (Trichechus; hide; 30-32.) |
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| x |
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1790 |
Andrada e Silva, J.B. de (Trichechus; Amazonia, Brazil; exports, 17th century; 389.) |
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| x |
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1826 |
Wied-Neuwied, M. zu (TMM; Brazil; oil, bone; 603.) |
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| x |
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1831 |
Spix & Martius (TI; Brazil; oil, meat, 1122; mixira, 1123.) |
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| x |
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1834 |
Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; hide, 99, 112-113; meat, 112; tusks, 113.) |
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| x |
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1836 |
Smyth & Lowe (TI; Peru; meat; scapula used for spade; 243.) |
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1837 |
Williams, J.L. |
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| x |
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1838 |
Humboldt, A.v. (TMM; Orinoco R.; meat, fat, oil, hide; whips; 9.) |
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| x |
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1847 |
Edwards, W.H. (TI; meat, hide, bone; 187.) |
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| x |
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1851 |
Gosse, P.H. (TMM; Jamaica; meat; 345, 348-349.) |
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| x |
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1853 |
Herndon, W.L. (TI; Peru, meat, oil, 158, 164; Santarem, Brazil, 1843 & 1846, meat, oil, 300.) |
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| x |
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1853 |
Wallace, A.R. (TI; meat, oil; 186-187, 460-461.) |
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| x |
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1855a |
Gervais, P. (TI; ranching proposed; 116.) |
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1856 |
Noronha, J.M. de (TI; Brazil; fat) |
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| x |
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1857 |
Fairholme, J.K.E. (DD; Australia; meat, fat, oil; 353.) |
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| x |
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1857 |
Shaw, N. (TS; meat, fat, bone, hide; m99.) |
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1860 |
Bennett, G. (DD; Queensland) |
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1862 |
Wight, G. (DD; Queensland; oil) |
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| x |
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1869 |
Marcoy, P. (TI; hide, meat, oil; 1: 671-672, 2: 149, 156-157.) |
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1870 |
Anon. (DD; Australia; oil) |
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| x |
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1871 |
Myers & Myers (TMM; Orinoco R.; oil, hide, meat, fat; 102.) |
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1872 |
Anon. (DD; Australia; oil) |
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| x |
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1873 |
Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; South America; meat, hide, oil; pop. acc.; 166.) |
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| x |
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1874 |
Estacio da Silveira, S. (TMM; Maranhão, Brazil; food, medicine; 26-27.) |
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| x |
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1874 |
Heriarte, M. de (Trichechus; Gurup , Brazil; exports, ca. 1662; 29.) |
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| x |
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1875 |
Marcoy, P. (TI; hide, meat, oil; 2: 42, 187, 193-194.) |
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| x |
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1876 |
Orton, J. (TI; oil, glue, meat; 477.) |
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1876 |
Thorne, E. (DD; Queensland; oil) |
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| x |
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1880 |
LeBaron, J.F. (TML; Florida; sale of skins & skulls to museums; 1006.) |
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| x |
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1881 |
Anon. (DD; Queensland; industry, 738-747; hide, 741; meat, fat, 741-742; bones, tusks, 742; oil, 742-743.) |
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| x |
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1881a |
Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG; Bering Is.; meat, 274-276; hide used for boats, 276-277; ribs used for sledge runners & carvings, 280.) |
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| x |
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* |
1882 |
Faithful, P. (DD; Queensland; meat, oil, hide, 5-7, 9-11, 13, 15; commercial fishery, 11, 13.) |
|
| x |
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1884b |
True, F.W. (Trichechus; Americas; meat, hide, oil, bones, "stones" [ear bones]; 127-128.) |
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| x |
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1885 |
Santa-Anna Nery, F.J. de (TI; Brazil; meat exported, 1881-82; 168.) |
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| x |
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1886 |
Miklouho-Maclay, N. de (DD; meat, tanning of hide; m193.) |
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| x |
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1887 |
Rovirosa, J.N. (TMM; Tabasco, Mexico; hide, bones, meat; 357-358.) |
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1888 |
Ching, J.L. (DD; Queensland; oil) |
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| x |
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1888 |
Hart, H.C. (DD; hide; used by Hebrews for sandals & Ark; 26-27.) |
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1888 |
Senior, W. (DD; Queensland) |
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| x |
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1891 |
Costa e Silva, B. da (TI; Brazil; mixira; 94-95.) |
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| x |
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1891 |
Flower & Lydekker (DD; Australia; oil; 221.) |
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| x |
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1891 |
Stuart, H.V. (TML; Florida; meat sold as beef in New York; 137.) |
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| x |
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1893 |
Goeldi, E.A. (Trichechus; Brazil; meat, hide, fat; 120.) |
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| x |
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1895 |
Thurston, E. (DD; Sri Lanka; meat, 98; fat, 99.) |
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| x |
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* |
1895 |
Veríssimo, J. (TI, Brazil, meat, fat, hide, 38, 40, 55, 93, 96, 99-102, 117, 199; TMM, Brazil, meat, 99.) |
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| x |
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1897 |
Loyau, G.E. (DD; Queensland; 365.) |
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| x |
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1897 |
Sinclair, W.F. (DD; meat sold in London; m198.) |
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| x |
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1899 |
Hunt, A.E. (DD; Torres Strait; meat; m13.) |
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| x |
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* |
1899 |
Steller, G.W. (HG; hide, fat, meat; 200.) |
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1902 |
Ravenel, W. de C. (manatee leather; m349.) |
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| x |
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* |
1903 |
Rodriguez Ferreira, A. (TI; Par , Brazil; meat, mixira, 170-171; tripe, fat, 171; tanning of hides, 173-174.) |
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1904 |
Stevenson, C.H. (Trichechus, DD; hide) |
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| x |
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1905 |
Chermont de Miranda, V. (etymology of word "michira"; 62.) |
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| x |
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1906 |
Annandale, N. (DD; India; meat, oil; 242.) |
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| x |
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1906b |
Dexler & Freund (DD; tears, in perfume; 64.) |
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| x |
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1909 |
Anon. (DD; hide, oil, meat, tusks; 93.) |
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| x |
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1912 |
Harris, W.K. (DD; Australia; meat, oil, lard; 227-228.) |
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| x |
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1915 |
Seale, A. (DD; Philippines; meat; m215.) |
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| x |
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1917b |
Anon. (Trichechus; ranching for meat; 454.) |
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| x |
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|
1917 |
Fairchild, D. (TML; Florida; meat, 338-339, 342-345; hide, 344-345; bone, oil, fat, 345; DD, hide, 344.) |
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| x |
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1918 |
Ménégaux, A. (Trichechus; potential for commercial production of meat & other products; 698-705.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1920 |
Goldman, E.A. (TMM; Panama; meat, 69-70; hide, 70.) |
|
|
|
* |
1922 |
Le Cointe, P. (TI; Brazil; statistics on export of mixira) |
|
| x |
|
|
1923a |
Petit, G. (DD; Red Sea; hide, tusks; 83.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1923 |
Watson, E. (DD; China; oil; 103.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1925 |
Bittencourt, A. (TI; Brazil; exploitation; 134-136.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1925 |
Lee, I. (DD; Australia; meat; 19.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1925 |
Steller, G.W. (HG; fat, meat; 161, 182, 228, 234-235.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1926 |
MacCreagh, G. (TI; Tiquié R., Brazil; marinated & smoked meat; 324.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1928 |
Prater, S.H. (DD; meat, hide, oil, fat, bones, tusks; 86-88.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1929 |
Prater, S.H. (DD; India; meat, viscera; 987.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Moraes, R. (TI; Brazil; mixira; 67.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Read, B.E. (?HG; China; hide, oil; 16.) |
|
|
|
|
1933 |
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. |
|
| x |
|
|
1934 |
Bittencourt, A. (TI; Brazil; mixira; 25.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1934 |
Thomson, D.F. (DD; Australia; trade in hunting charms, 240; meat, oil, 241-242, 250; butchering, 247-250, pls. 30-31.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1935 |
Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; "3 kinds of meat", oil, hide, stapes; 218.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1935 |
Murie, A. (TMM; Belize; few brought to market; 30.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1935 |
Sowerby, A. de C. (DD, China, tympanic bones, 81; ?HG, China, hide, oil, 82.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1936 |
Moore, W.R. (DD; Australia; meat, oil, hide, bones; m746.) |
|
|
|
|
1937 |
Promus, J. (DD; Australia; commercial hunting) |
|
| x |
|
|
1937 |
Woods, F.J. (TS; Nigeria; professional hunting & price of meat; 23-27.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1939 |
Beal, W.P.B. (TS; raising for meat, oil, & bones proposed; 125-126.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1939a |
Moraes, R. (TI; Gurup , Brazil; exports, 17th century; 91.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1940 |
Crouse, N.M. (TMM; West Indies, 17th century; m110.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1940 |
Machado, F. de P. (TI; Brazil; meat; prices of hide; 246.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Landa, D. de (TMM; Yucatan; meat, fat; 16th century; 190-191.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1941-43 |
Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; meat, hide; 100-102, 153, 218, 65.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Jobim, J. (TI; Brazil; tinted hides; 178.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1944 |
Morais Rêgo, A.R. de (TI; Brazil; meat, mixira, hide; commercial raising; 11-12.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1944 |
Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; meat, mixira, fat, 55, 67-71, 82-85, 88-89, 91; "3 kinds of meat", 67; hide, 70, 82, 84-92; viscera, bones, 82.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1945 |
Santos, E. (TI; Brazil; meat, fat, hide; 158-159.) |
|
|
|
|
1947 |
Irvine, F.R. (TS) |
|
| x |
|
|
1948 |
Bessac & Villiers (TS; Senegal; unrealized plan to raise manatees for meat during World War I; m189.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1948 |
Mendes, A. (TI; Brazil; meat, oil, hide; 325-327.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1949 |
Jervis, J. (DD; Queensland; oil; 340.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1949 |
Loveless, J.R. (DD; Queensland; oil; 8.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Aragon, F. (DD; Philippines; atlas, meat; 267-268.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
White, T.E. (Trichechus; estimated to yield 70% usable meat; 398.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1954 |
Lawrence, J.E. (TML; bones, meat, lard, oil, hide; pop. acc.; 403-404.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1955 |
MacMillan, L. (DD; hide, bones, oil, 18; meat, 18-19.) |
|
|
|
|
1957 |
Divin, V.A. (HG; Bering Is.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1957 |
Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; Red Sea; oil; 12.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1957 |
Meggers & Evans (TI; hunting & trading in 17th century; m570.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1958 |
Savory, B. (DD; East Africa; oil, meat; 257.) |
|
|
|
|
1959 |
Cilento & Lack (DD; Queensland; oil industry) |
|
| x |
|
|
1960 |
Crusz, H. (DD; Sri Lanka; oil, meat, bones; 301-302.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1960 |
Vúletin, A. (TMM; South America; meat; hide for thongs & thole-pins of boats; 124.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1962 |
Sarkar & Mitra (DD; hide; m94.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1963 |
Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; meat, weed control; 91-93.) |
|
|
|
|
1963 |
Bertram, G.C.L. (gen. acc.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1963 |
Lal Mohan, R.S. (DD; India; oil; m152.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1963 |
Pfeffer, P. (DD; Indonesia; meat, tears, tusks; 150-151.) |
|
|
|
|
1964 |
Weiss, K. |
|
| x |
|
|
1965 |
Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; meat; hide for whips; 410.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1966c |
Bertram & Bertram (DD; Australia; oil, meat; 222.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1966 |
Thomas, D. (DD; India; meat, oil, 80-81; bones, 80.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Carvalho, J.C. de M. (TI; Brazil; statistics; 26-27, 31, 33.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Fiuza Lima, F. (TI; Brazil; proposed captive breeding; 17-18.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967a |
Jones, S. (DD; India; meat; 216-218.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Pirie, N.W. (sirs. as food source; 31.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1967 |
Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; oil, meat, hide, tusks; 1: 102-103, 106-107, 110, 2: 241-257.) |
|
|
|
|
1967 |
Wing, E.S. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1968a |
Bertram & Bertram (sirs. as food source, 385-386, 388-390, 393; other uses, 386, 388-389.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1968 |
Betz, J.J. (TML; Florida; manatee-farming scheme, ca. 1893; 204-209.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1968 |
Lack, C. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 4-6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Bibby, G. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 224, 303-304, 306.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Gibson, J.R. (HG; Bering Is.; 29-31, 48, 51-52, 54.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1970b |
Bertram & Bertram (DD; Sri Lanka; 363.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1970 |
Yin, T. (DD; Burma; meat, fat; 327.) |
|
|
|
|
1971 |
Ohama, N. (DD; Japan; hunted for tax payments) |
|
| x |
|
|
1971 |
Almeida, A. de (DD; Timor; meat, hide, oil, teeth, tears; 212.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1971a |
Barada, B. (TML; Florida; meat sold in restaurants as "imported from Africa"; 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1971 |
Hall, E.S., Jr. (HG; Alaska; bone ?used as backing for cutting skins; 34.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1971 |
Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; hide, meat, oil; 397.) |
|
|
|
|
1971 |
Lange, F.W. |
|
| x |
|
|
1971 |
Lima, D.C. (TI; Itacoatiara, Brazil; meat exported, 1968; 7.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1972 |
Walker, K. (DD; Queensland; meat; 71, 73-74.) |
|
|
|
|
1973 |
Bertram & Bertram (sirs.; meat, oil, hide, etc., 321-325, 333; "3 kinds of meat", 321.) |
|
|
|
|
1973 |
Nietschmann, B. (TMM; Nicaragua) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
Jhingran & Gopalakrishnan |
|
| x |
|
|
1974 |
Mondolfi, E. (TMM; Venezuela; meat, fat, bones, hide; live animals for zoos & weed control; 13-14.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1974 |
Sikes, S. (TS; Nigeria; ranching for meat; 469-470.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; "semicaptives" used for food; meat, tusks, tears; 35.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Loveland, F.O. (TMM; Nicaragua; meat, fat, hide, blood; 70, 75, 81.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Whitaker, Z. (DD; India; meat; 6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977a |
Anon. (DD; South India; meat sold; 439.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 4.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977c |
Domning, D.P. (TI; Brazil; sold as pets; 3.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 5-6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Heinsohn et al. (DD; potential for meat production; 246.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Meggers, B.J. (TI; Brazil; raising for meat proposed; 49.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978 |
Campbell & Gicca (TMM; Mexico; meat seldom sold; 263.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978a |
Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; yields 20-26% of body weight as usable meat + 4-5 gallons of oil; 30.) |
|
|
|
|
1979 |
Byczkowska-Smyk, W. |
|
| x |
|
|
1979 |
Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates, 3rd millennium B.C.; tusks not used, 600-601; 604.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1979 |
Klein, E.H. (TMM; Honduras; meat; 23-24.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1979 |
Pedley, I. (DD; Tin Can Bay, Queensland; oil industry; 231.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Ayres & Best (TI; Brazil; meat prices, hides; 83-85, 90-92.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Cumbaa, S.L. (TML; Florida; aboriginal use; 6, 8-9.) |
|
|
|
|
1980 |
Wing & Scudder |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Chase, A. (DD; Australia; Aboriginal use & beliefs; 112-122.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981a |
Domning, D.P. (TI, TMM; Brazil; meat, fat, hide, bones; 94.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Hendrokusumo et al. (DD; Indonesia; meat; 10, 12, 15.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981b |
Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; meat; 123-126.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Johannes, R.E. (DD; Palau; hunting & sale; 25, 68, 73.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; 54-63.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981a |
Smith, N.J.H. (TI; Brazil; history of exploitation; 184-186.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981b |
Smith, N.J.H. (TI; Itacoatiara, Brazil; meat US$.40/kg; 95-96.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; meat; 518.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1982a |
Domning, D.P. (TI, TMM; Brazil; meat, fat, hide; history of commercial exploitation, ca. 1785-1973; 101-126.) |
|
|
|
|
1982 |
O'Donnell, D.J. (TMM; Central America) |
|
|
|
|
1982 |
Wing & Reitz |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Bradley et al. (TMM; hypothetical use by Olmecs; 1-82.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Tisdell, C.A. (DD; Papua New Guinea; hunting & conservation; 14-15.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1984b |
Anon. (DD; Abu Dhabi; leather used for sandals; 362.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1984b |
Minnegal, M. (DD; Queensland; butchering techniques; archeological site; 15-20.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1984 |
Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; meat; 645-648.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1985 |
McKillop, H.I. (TMM; prehistoric Maya area, Central America; meat, fat, bone; 337-353.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985 |
Rathbun, Woods & Ottenwalder (TMM; Haiti; meat; "3 kinds of meat"; 234-236.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; meat, also used for shark bait; fat, hide, bone; 985, 1009-1011.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Timm et al. (TI; Ecuador; meat; 155.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1987 |
Finger, J. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 3-5.) |
|
|
|
|
1988 |
Shearer, W. (DD; in capt.; raising for meat proposed) |
|
| x |
|
|
1988e |
Marsh, H. (DD; Queensland; meat; 498.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1988 |
Ho, H.C. (DD; Malaysia, Singapore; meat, oil, tears, hide, tusks; 22, 24.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1988 |
O'Shea et al. (TMM; Venezuela; meat, oil, hide, bone; "3 kinds of meat"; 291-296.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1988 |
Reeves et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; meat, bone; 80-82.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1989 |
Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; meat, 80, 82, 85-86, 89; dolphin meat used as substitute, 61, 64, 86, 89.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1989a |
Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; meat, 47-52, 66, 96-100, 114-115; oil, hide, 51, 97, 99, 114; tusks, 51; marrow, 114.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991b |
Brown, J.N.B. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 33.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Fitzpatrick, J. (DD; Torres Strait; sharing of meat; m20.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Frazier & Mundkur (DD; India; oil; 371.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
O'Shea & Salisbury (TMM; Belize; meat, bones, tourism; 160-161.) |
|
|
|
|
1992 |
Correa-Viana & O'Shea (TMM; Venezuela) |
|
|
|
|
1993 |
Faure et al. |
|
|
|
|
1993 |
Livingston & Livingston (DD, HG, Trichechus; pop. acc.; 84-85.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1993 |
Staub, F. (DD; Mauritius, 17th-18th centuries; meat, fat; 49.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1995 |
Marsh et al. (DD; Palau; meat, bones; 87.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1995 |
Reynolds et al. (TMM; Costa Rica; meat of various flavors, oil, tourism; m194.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1995 |
Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; meat; 407-409.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1996 |
Reeves et al. (TI; Peru; meat, fat, oil, live animals, tourism; 247-248, 250-253.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1996 |
Tan, B. (DD; China; meat, fat, oil, skin; 86.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1998 |
Liu, Z. (DD; China; meat, teeth; m209.) |
|
|
|
|
1999 |
Gibson, J.R. (HG) |
|
| x |
|
|
1999 |
Whiting, S.D. (DD; Sahul Banks, Australia; shark bait; 613.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2000 |
Mayor, A. ("Halitherium"; France; ribs used for Paleolithic tools; 166.) |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Jackson et al. (DD, HG; overfishing) |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
Creswell, J. (Barbados) |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
Jousse & Chenal-Velarde (TS; Mali; Neolithic site) |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
Jousse et al. (DD; Akab Island, United Arab Emirates; archaeological site) |
|
|
|
|
2003 |
Rouja et al. (DD; Australia; indigenous hunting & use of fat) |
|
| x |
|
|
2004 |
Carvajal, J. (ed.) (TMM, Puerto Rico; recipe; 100-101.) |
|
|
|
|
2006 |
Rajamani et al. (DD; Sabah, Malaysia; indigenous use and trade) |
|
|
|
* |
2008 |
Daley et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; history of commercial fishery) |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
Calvimontes, J. (TI; Brazil) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Jamieson, M. (Nicaragua; economy and myth) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Muir & Kiszka (DD; East Africa; meat, oil, bones, fat) |
|
|
|
|
2013 |
Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Jones, R.T. (HG; extermination) |
|
|
|
* |
2016 |
Antunes et al. (TI; Brazil; meat & hides, 1904-1969) |
|
|
|
|
2016 |
Cosentino & Fisher (TI, TM, TS; as bushmeat) |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
Crerar et al. (HG; bone used for carvings) |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
Moore et al. (DD; Indonesia; meat, tusks, tears) |
|
|
|
|
2019 |
El Bizri et al. (TI; central Amazonia; meat consumption & trade) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Forth, G. (DD; Flores Island, East Indies) |
|
|
|
* |
2022 |
Izidoro & Schiavetti (Brazil; manatee watching, tourism, public education) |
|
| x |
|
* |
n.d. |
Bible, The (?DD; Hebrews; Red Sea; hide.) |
|
| x |
|
v |
n.d. |
Berovides, V. (Trichechus; pop. acc.; 13.) |
|
|
Ecuador ( 5 )
|
|
|
1854 |
Osculati, C. (TI) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1986 |
Timm et al. (TI; ecology, distr., & status; 150-156.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1989 |
Timm et al. (TI; Siona Indian hunting techniques; 1-7.) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Denkinger, J. (TI; Cuyabeno Reserve; status) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Ruano et al. (TI; population estimates) |
|
|
|
Egypt ( 37 )
(SEE ALSO: Red Sea)
|
|
|
1867 |
Fraas, O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1875a |
Owen, R. (Eotherium aegyptiacum, n.gen.n.sp.; Eoc.; 100-105.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1878 |
Filhol, H. (Manatus Coulombi, n.sp.; Eoc.; 124-125.) |
|
|
|
|
1899 |
Studer, T. (Wadi Natrun) |
|
|
|
|
1901 |
Andrews, C.W. |
|
|
|
|
1902 |
Andrews, C.W. |
|
| x |
|
|
1902b |
Osborn, H.F. (Eosiren; Eoc.; 715.) |
|
|
|
|
1903 |
Blanckenhorn, M. |
|
|
|
|
1904 |
Fraas, E. (Mokattam Hills) |
|
|
|
|
1905 |
Beadnell, H.J.L. (Fayum) |
|
|
|
* |
1906 |
Andrews, C.W. |
|
|
|
|
1907b |
Abel, O. |
|
|
|
|
1907 |
Andrews, C.W. |
|
|
|
|
1908 |
Priem, F. (Protosiren fraasi; Eoc.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1910 |
Woodward, A.S. (m470.) |
|
|
|
|
1911 |
Schlosser, M. |
|
|
|
|
1913a |
Abel, O. (Eotherium aegyptiacum; Eoc.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1948 |
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. ("sirs.", Olig., Libyan Desert, m15; Eosiren, Eoc., 16.) |
|
|
|
|
1959 |
Reinhart, R.H. (Eotheroides sp. indet.; Late Eoc.) |
|
|
|
|
1962 |
Said, R. |
|
|
|
|
1963 |
Said, R. |
|
|
|
|
1965 |
Said, R. |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Siegfried, P. (Eotheroides libyca; Eoc., Fayum; 165-166.) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
El-Khashab, B. |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
James & Slaughter (Plioc., Wadi el-Natrun) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
Moustafa, Y.S. (Eotheroides libyca; Eoc., Fayum) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
Vondra, C.F. (Qasr el-Sagha Formation) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Paz & Ilani (DD; 3 specimens captured & displayed; 74.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (Protosiren n.sp.; Late Eoc.; 55-56, 59.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Fleagle et al. (unidentified sir.; Olig., Jebel Qatrani Formation; 8-9.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (stratigraphy, age, & paleoenvironments of sirs.; Eoc., Mokattam Hills & Fayum, 1, 7, 11, 20-21, 23-24, 33, 35, 40-41, 43-44, 49, 63, 71, 74-77, 79; Olig., Fayum, 67, 77.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2009 |
Peters et al. (dugongids; Late Eoc., Wadi Al-Hitan; taphonomy & preservation; 294, 296-7, 299-301.) |
|
|
|
* |
2010 |
Van Vliet & Abu el Khair (Middle or Late Eoc.; Qattara Depression, Egypt) |
|
|
|
* |
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum; Eotheroides clavigerum, n.sp.; Eotheroides sandersi, n.sp.; Eosiren libyca; Eosiren stromeri; Protosiren smithae) |
|
| x |
|
|
2015 |
Cole, B. (DD; Red Sea; gen. acc.; 2-4.) |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
Shawky, Sallam, Alwany, et al. (DD; Red Sea; photo identification) |
|
|
|
Embryology and Ontogeny ( 69 )
(SEE ALSO: Age Determination; Growth Rates; Teratology)
| x |
|
|
1809a |
Cuvier, G. (Trichechus; nails, hair, 284; atlas, m308.) |
|
|
|
|
1822 |
Albers, C.F. |
|
| x |
|
|
1851 |
Barkow, H.C.L. (DD; nerves & muscles; 119-122.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1857 |
Shaw, N. (TM; fetus; nails; m99.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1869 |
Marcoy, P. (TI; fetus; 2: 152-153.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1875 |
Marcoy, P. (TI; fetus; 2: 190.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1875 |
Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 105-106, 108-109, 112-114.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1885 |
Ryder, J.A. (flukes & hind limbs; 515-519.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1887b |
Baur, G. (supernumerary phalanges; 840.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1889a |
Leboucq, H. (DD; nail; 190-192.) |
|
|
|
|
1891a |
Kükenthal, W. |
|
|
|
|
1894 |
Turner, W. |
|
| x |
|
|
1896 |
Kükenthal, W. (TM; embryonic dentition; 513-526.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1904 |
Freund, L. (DD; manus; 364-394.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1906b |
Dexler & Freund (DD; nostrils, 54; eyes, 62-63.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1906c |
Dexler & Freund (DD; color, 568; hair, 570-571; snout, 577-578; ear, mammae, 579.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1907 |
Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 663.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1908b |
Freund, L. (DD; bones & cartilages of nasal region; 254-256.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1908 |
Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 825.) |
|
|
|
* |
1909 |
Dilg, C. (TI; skull) |
|
| x |
|
|
1910 |
Lull, R.S. (flukes & hind limbs; 152-153.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1912a |
Matthes, E. (Trichechus; ears; 598.) |
|
|
|
|
1912 |
Turner, W. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1914a |
Freund, L. (DD; skeleton; 353-386, pl. 16.) |
|
|
|
|
1915 |
Matthes, E. |
|
| x |
|
|
1923 |
Kostanecki, K. (TI; cecum & umbilical arteries; 273-276.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924b |
Petit, G. (kidney; 245-246.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924c |
Petit, G. (kidney; 2197-2200.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1928 |
Prater, S.H. (DD; lips; 90.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. (retardation of ossification & suture closure, etc.; 412-417, 428-431.) |
|
|
|
|
1933 |
Bahrdt, H.J. |
|
|
|
|
1934 |
Genschow, J. (olfactory organs) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1935b |
Wislocki, G.B. (TM; fetus & placentation; 159-178, pls. 1-7.) |
|
|
|
|
1937 |
De Beer, G.R. (skull) |
|
| x |
|
|
1940 |
Pocock, R.I. (DD; fusion of cranial sutures, 331, 341; tusks, 331-339; cheek teeth, 339-340.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941a |
Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2-8, 14-15.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941c |
Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2-6, 10-13, pl. 1.) |
|
|
|
|
1945 |
Matthes, E. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1955 |
Dekeyser, P.L. (Trichechus; teeth; 921-922.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1959 |
Jones, S. (DD; fetus; 201.) |
|
|
|
|
1966 |
Kaiser & Bartone |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Robineau, D. (ear region; m26.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1973 |
Mitchell, J. (DD; Australia; age determination; 1-23.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1974 |
James, P.S.B.R. (DD; India; skeleton; 174-182.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1974 |
Spain & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; cranial allometry; 249-257.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1975 |
Spain & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; size & weight allometry; 159-167.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Spain et al. (DD; Queensland; cranial allometry; 495-496.) |
|
|
|
|
1978 |
Arvy, L. |
|
| x |
|
|
1978b |
Domning, D.P. (Dusisiren jordani; 68.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978 |
Mitchell, J. (DD; dentition & age determination; 317-348.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1986 |
Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; ontogenetic skeletal variation; 97-99, 106.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Watson & Bonde (TML; congenital flipper malformations; 294-301.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1987 |
Mossman, H.W. (sir. fetal membranes; 267-270.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1990 |
O'Shea & Reep (TML; brain & body size, fusion of cranial sutures; 534-543.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991a |
Domning, D.P. (DD; pelvic bones; ontogenetic variation; 311-316.) |
|
|
|
|
1995 |
Domning, D.P. (DD; evolution; dental morphology & possible neoteny) |
|
| x |
|
|
2000 |
Fagone et al. (TML; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 177-181.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2000 |
Rommel & Reynolds (TML; diaphragm & transverse septum; 45, 48-49.) |
|
|
|
|
2006 |
Shapiro et al. (Trichechus; pelvic reduction; genetic origins) |
|
|
|
|
2007 |
Buchholtz et al. (TML; vertebral column) |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
Schwarz & Runge (TM; age estimation; body length; Bayesian analysis) |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
Silva et al. (TMM; hematology; age variations) |
|
| x |
|
|
2010 |
Hautier et al. (Trichechus; 7th vertebra predicted to be developmentally cervical; 18906.) |
|
|
|
|
2011 |
Varela-L. et al. (cervical vertebrae, homeotic mutations) |
|
|
|
* |
2012 |
Hoson et al. (Trichechus; fusion sequence of cranial sutures) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Buchholtz et al. (differentiation of cervical vertebrae & muscularization of diaphragm) |
|
|
D |
|
2016 |
Santos et al. (Desmostylus; Middle Mioc., California; ontogeny & senescence) |
|
|
|
|
2023a |
Hautier, L; Gomes Rodrigues; et al. (development of teeth and keratinous pads) |
|
|
|
|
2023b |
Hautier, L.; Gomes Rodrigues et al (development of teeth and keratinous pads) |
|
|
Endocrinology ( 29 )
| x |
|
|
1820 |
Diard & Duvaucel (DD; thymus; 159.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1820 |
Raffles, T.S. (DD; thymus; 178.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1838a |
Owen, R. (DD; location of thyroid gland; 38.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1857 |
Rapp, W.v. (TM; thymus; 93.) |
|
|
|
|
1872a |
Murie, J. |
|
| x |
|
|
1899 |
Steller, G.W. (HG; thyroid gland; 193.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1923 |
Nopcsa, F.v. (iodine & thyroid gland; 358.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. (effects of thyroid & hypophysis on ossification & growth; 417-442.) |
|
|
|
* |
1938 |
Oldham et al. (TI; hypophysis; 27-32.) |
|
|
|
|
1940 |
Wislocki, G.B. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1942b |
Fawcett, D.W. (TML; thyroid gland & pachyostosis; 285-287, 304-307.) |
|
|
|
* |
1945 |
Hill, W.C.O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; pituitary & adrenal glands; 57-62, pls. 1-2.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Quiring & Harlan (TM; thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, thymus; 201.) |
|
|
|
|
1965 |
Hanström, B. (Trichechus; hypophysis) |
|
|
|
|
1967 |
Cave & Aumonier (DD; thymus & thyroid gland) |
|
|
|
* |
1969b |
Harrison, R.J. |
|
|
|
|
1975 |
Ralph, C.L. (pineal gland) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Allen et al. (DD; adrenal & thyroid glands; "pineal absent"; 42, 46.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Arvy, L. (thyroid malfunction as supposed cause of high bone density in sirs.; 312.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Odell et al. (TML; adrenal & thyroid weights; 60, 63.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1989 |
Buffrénil & Schoevaert (hypothyroidism & pachyostosis; 2107, 2117-2118.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Marmontel et al. (TM; corpora lutea; 301, 303.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1998 |
Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation; 449-457.) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Burgess et al. (DD; diagnosing pregnancy; fecal progesterone metabolite concentrations) |
|
|
|
|
2013 |
Amaral et al. (TI; in capt.; endocrine monitoring of ovarian cycle) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Amaral, Rosas, Graham et al. (TI; luteinizing hormones & reproductive steroids in urine) |
|
|
|
* |
2021b |
Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TMM; marine & riverine ecotypes) |
|
|
|
|
2024 |
Brammer-Robbins, et al.; (manatees & dugongs; reproductive endocrinology.) |
|
|
|
England: SEE Britain ( 0 )
|
|
Environmental Contaminants: SEE Pollution, Effects of ( 0 )
|
Eocene ( 127 )
| x |
|
|
1849 |
Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; ?Eoc., ?South Carolina; 193.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1850 |
Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; South Carolina; 67-68.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1855 |
Owen, R. (Prorastomus sirenoides, n.gen.n.sp.; Jamaica; 541.) |
|
|
|
|
1858 |
Emmons, E. (North Carolina) |
|
| x |
|
|
1875a |
Owen, R. (Eotherium aegyptiacum, n.gen.n.sp.; Egypt; 100-105.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1878 |
Filhol, H. (Manatus Coulombi, n.sp.; Egypt; 124-125.) |
|
|
|
|
1884 |
Flower & Garson (Georgia) |
|
| x |
|
|
1887 |
Flot, L. ("Halitherium n. sp."; ?Eoc., France; 138.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1902b |
Osborn, H.F. (Eosiren; Egypt; 715.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1906 |
Almera, D.J. (Halitherium; Spain; 379.) |
|
|
|
|
1911 |
Koch, A. (Hungary) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932 |
Müllerried, F.K.G. (indeterminate sir.; "Olig.", Mexico; 71-73.) |
|
|
|
|
1938 |
Lapparent, A.F. de ("Halitherium"; Eoc., Taulanne) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (Sirenavus hungaricus, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 146-147, 156.) |
|
|
|
|
1944 |
Mottl, M. (Hungary) |
|
|
|
|
1944 |
Tulogdy, J. |
|
|
|
|
1946 |
Richard, M. ("Eotherium sp."; Late Eoc., France) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Vernon, R.O. (indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Levy Co., Florida; m110.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1952a |
Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (indeterminate sir.; Java; 610.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1952 |
Macfadyen, W.A. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eoc., Somalia; 348.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Kretzoi, M. (indeterminate sir.; Early Eoc., Hungary; 273-277.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Maldonado-Koerdell, M. (indeterminate sir.; "Olig.", Mexico; 146-148.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1956 |
Bataller, J.R. (Halitherium; Spain; 25.) |
|
|
|
|
1956 |
Marcet-Riba, J. (Spain) |
|
|
|
|
1959 |
Farrés & Ramirez (Spain) |
|
|
|
|
1959 |
Reinhart, R.H. (Eotheroides sp. indet.; Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
1961 |
Farrés, F. (Spain) |
|
|
|
|
1962 |
Farrés, F. (Spain) |
|
|
|
|
1963 |
Said, R. (Egypt) |
|
| x |
|
|
1964 |
Siler, W.L. (indeterminate sir.; Middle Eoc., Alabama; 1108.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1965 |
Arata & Jackson (indeterminate sirs.; Alabama; 175-176.) |
|
|
|
|
1965 |
Balogh & Rónai (Hungary) |
|
| x |
|
|
1965 |
Savage, R.J.G. (Middle Eoc., Libya; 91.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1966 |
Piccoli, G. (Prototherium cf. veronense; Priabonian stratotype, Italy; 349-350.) |
|
|
|
|
1967 |
Grigorescu, D. (Romania) |
|
|
|
|
1967 |
Reguant, S. (Spain) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Siegfried, P. (Eotheroides libyca; Egypt; 166.) |
|
|
|
|
1968a |
Simons, E.L. |
|
|
|
|
1969 |
Bartolomei, G. |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Freudenthal, M. (indeterminate sirs.; France; 64-65.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Voorhies, M.R. ("sir." [actually entelodont] tooth; Late Eoc., Georgia; 93-94.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1970 |
Fuchs, H. ("?Halitherium sp."; Romania; 1185.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1970 |
Pickering, S.M., Jr. ("Eosiren sp.?"; Georgia; m20.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1971 |
Savage, R.J.G. (Middle Eoc., Libya; 219-220.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1973 |
Fuchs, H. (indeterminate sir.; Romania; 71.) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
Moustafa, Y.S. (Eotheroides libyca; Egypt) |
|
| x |
|
|
1974 |
Sanders, A.E. (South Carolina; m8.) |
|
|
|
|
1974 |
Vondra, C.F. (Qasr el-Sagha Formation, Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
1976 |
Reinhart, R.H. (Florida; 262, 264-265.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Bizzarini et al. (Prototherium veronense; Late Eoc., Italy; 1-15.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Kordos, L. (Paralitherium tarkanyense, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Hungary; 349-367.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1977 |
Savage & Tewari (indeterminate sir.; Somali, India; 218.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978 |
Kordos, L. (Protosiren cf. fraasi; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 288-289.) |
|
|
|
|
1979 |
Sahni, A. |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (Eotheroides; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 385-397.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Sahni & Kumar (Ishatherium subathuensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Eoc., India; 132-135.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Sahni et al. ("sir."; Early Eoc., India; 270-271.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (review of worldwide sir. record; 1-69.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Sereno, P.C. (Florentinoameghinia; Early Eoc., Argentina; 1-10.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Bizzotto, B. (Prototherium intermedium, n.sp.; Late Eoc., Italy; 95-99.) |
|
|
|
|
1984 |
Nicorici & Popovici |
|
|
|
|
1988 |
Fuchs, H. (Romania) |
|
| x |
|
|
1990 |
Donovan et al. (Prorastomus sirenoides; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; new specimen; 660-662.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1990 |
Ivany et al. (Protosiren; Middle Eoc., Florida; seagrass community; 244-258.) |
|
|
|
|
1990 |
Westgate, J.W. (Texas) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Basu et al. (?Early Eoc., India; 9.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Kumar, K. (Ishatherium; India; Ypresian in age; 236.) |
|
|
|
|
1992 |
Galobart et al. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphy, age, & paleoenvironments of sirs.; 1, 7, 11, 20-21, 23-24, 33, 35, 40-41, 43-44, 49, 63, 71, 74-77, 79.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1993 |
Thewissen, J.G.M. (indet. sir.; Kuldana Formation, Pakistan; 125-127.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1994 |
Das & Basu ("Eotheroides waghapadarensis"; Middle Eoc., India; 5.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1996 |
Miller & Donovan (Early Eoc., Jamaica; 38, 46.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis; Pakistan; 57, 69, 71, 75.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Gómez-Alba R., J. (Prototherium; Spain; 114.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Portell, R.W. (Prorastomus & new prorastomids; Jamaica; pop. acc.; 5-7.) |
|
|
|
|
1998 |
Gingerich et al. (Middle Eoc., Pakistan) |
|
|
|
|
1998 |
Gómez, G. |
|
|
|
|
1998 |
As-Saruri et al. (Middle Eoc., Yemen) |
|
| x |
|
|
1998 |
Goodwin et al. (?prorastomid; Middle Eoc., Israel; 813-815.) |
|
|
|
|
1998 |
Gómez, G. (Spain) |
|
| x |
|
|
1999 |
As-Saruri et al. (indet. ?sir.; Middle Eoc., Yemen; 448.) |
|
|
|
|
1999 |
Astibia et al. (Spain) |
|
| x |
|
|
1999 |
Whybrow & Clements (indet. ?sir.; Middle Eoc., Yemen; m462.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2000 |
Cappetta et al. (indeterminate sir. ["Halitherium sp."]; Late Eoc., Jordan; 91.) |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis, Pakistan; 281, 318.) |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Portell et al. (prorastomids; Jamaica) |
|
| x |
|
|
2001c |
Domning, D.P. (Pezosiren portelli, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; 625-627.) |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Sagne, C. (Halitherium taulannense, n.sp.; Late Eoc., France; 471-476.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2003 |
Zalmout et al. (Protosiren eothene, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Pakistan; 79-87.) |
|
|
|
|
2005 |
Astibia et al. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eocene, Navarre, Spain; taphonomy) |
|
|
|
|
2005 |
Bizzotto, B. (Prototherium spp.; Italy) |
|
| x |
|
|
2006 |
Averianov & Yarkov (enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia) |
|
|
|
|
2006 |
Clementz et al. (Eoc. sirs.; stable isotopes) |
|
|
|
* |
2006 |
Bajpai et al. (Kutch) |
|
|
|
|
2006 |
Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; Middle Eoc., Spain) |
|
|
|
|
2007 |
Donovan et al. (Pezosiren portelli; Jamaica) |
|
|
|
|
2007 |
Floquet et al. (Halitherium taulannense; Late Eoc.; Taulanne, France; taphonomy) |
|
|
|
|
2008 |
Buffrénil et al. (Prototherium monserratense & undetermined dugongids; Middle Eoc., Spain; pachyosteosclerosis) |
|
|
|
* |
2009 |
Bajpai et al. (Ashokia antiqua, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc.; Kutch, India) |
|
|
|
* |
2009 |
Samonds et al. (Eotheroides lambondrano, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Madagascar) |
|
| x |
|
|
2009 |
Peters et al. (dugongids; Late Eoc., Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt; taphonomy & preservation; 294, 296-7, 299-301.) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; early Middle Eoc., Spain) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Van Vliet & Abu el Khair (Middle or Late Eoc.; Qattara Depression, Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Balaguer, J. (middle Eoc.; Tona, Spain) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Anderson et al. (indeterminate sir.; Late Eoc., Georgia) |
|
|
|
|
2010 |
Beatty & Geisler (Protosiren sp.; late Middle Eoc., South Carolina) |
|
|
|
|
2011 |
Gramling, C. (Eoc. sea temperatures reflected in sir. teeth) |
|
|
|
* |
2011 |
Clementz & Sewall (Eocene sirs.; stable isotopes; global climate) |
|
|
|
|
2011 |
Boschele et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Late Eoc., Italy) |
|
|
|
* |
2012 |
Hautier et al. (Prorastomidae indet.; Middle Eoc., Senegal) |
|
|
|
* |
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt; Eotheroides clavigerum, n.sp.; Eotheroides sandersi, n.sp.; Eosiren libyca; Eosiren stromeri; Protosiren smithae) |
|
|
|
* |
2013 |
Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; early or middle Eoc., Tunisia; ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides) |
|
|
|
|
2013a |
Diedrich, C.G. (Protosiren cf. fraasi; Middle Eoc., Germany) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Zouhri et al. (Eosiren sp.; Late Eoc., Morocco) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Gingerich & Cappetta (Protosirenidae, Dugongidae; lower Middle Eoc., Togo) |
|
|
|
|
2016 |
Fuentes-Buxó & Fuentes-Buxó (Girona, Spain; Middle Eoc.) |
|
|
|
* |
2016 |
Balaguer & Alba (Prototherium ausetanum, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Spain) |
|
|
|
|
2016 |
Gagnaison et al. (?dugongid; early Middle Eocene, Spain) |
|
|
|
* |
2017 |
Domning et al. (Libysiren sickenbergi, n.gen. n.sp.; middle Eoc., Libya) |
|
| x |
|
|
2017 |
Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; 92.) |
|
|
|
* |
2018 |
Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Spain) |
|
|
|
|
2019 |
Voss et al. (Girona, Spain; Middle Eoc.) |
|
|
|
|
2020 |
Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli; Spain; hind limbs) |
|
|
|
|
2020 |
Zalmout et al. (Eotheroides; Late Eoc., Jordan) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Averianov & Zvonok (indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea) |
|
|
|
|
2022 |
Veress, Laszlo, Bordeianu, Marian, & Codrea, Vlad A. (Romania) |
|
|
|
|
2023a |
Veress & Codrea, (Catalog of Dugongidae, Romania.) |
|
|
Eosiren abeli Sickenberg, 1934 ( 3 )
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Protosiren fraasi; 71, 75-76.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2004 |
Uhen, M.D. (comp. w/ Dorudon; ribs & buoyancy; 158-159.) |
|
|
Eosiren Andrews, 1902 ( 26 )
| x |
|
* |
1902 |
Andrews, C.W. (n.gen.; Late Eoc., Egypt; 293-295.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1902b |
Osborn, H.F. (phyletic significance; 715.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1906 |
Abel, O. (dentition; 51-52.) |
|
| x |
D |
|
1915 |
Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-385, 391.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1916 |
Lucas, F.A. (m318.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1916a |
Matthew, W.D. (m27; tooth formula, 28.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924 |
Andrews, C.W. (dentition; m306.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1927 |
Hopwood, A.T. (m18.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 423, 471-473, 480-481, 491, 495, 499.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 152, 154, pl. 6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Pycraft, W.P. (m328.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Heuvelmans, B. (m12.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1945 |
Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; 135.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1948 |
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Egypt; 16.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (syn. of Eotheroides; 209.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1954b |
Friant, M. (brain; 134.) |
|
|
|
|
1963 |
Bertram, G.C.L. |
|
| x |
|
|
1970 |
Pickering, S.M., Jr. ("Eosiren sp.?"; Eoc., Georgia; m20.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Eotheroides, 378-379; pelvis, 392.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985 |
Thewissen, J.G.M. (brain fissures; m265.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1996 |
Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354-355.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2003 |
Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; m84.) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Zouhri et al. (Late Eoc., Morocco) |
|
| x |
|
|
2017 |
Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m88, 92.) |
|
|
|
Eosiren fraasi (Abel, 1907) Schlosser in von Zittel and Schlosser, 1923 ( 2 )
(= Protosiren fraasi)
|
|
* |
1923 |
Zittel & Schlosser (n.comb.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (nomenclature; comp. w/ Eotherium majus; 432.) |
|
|
Eosiren imenti Domning, Gingerich, Simons, and Ankel-Simons, 1994 ( 3 )
|
|
* |
1994 |
Domning et al. (n.sp.; Early Olig., Egypt; 89-108.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Bajpai & Domning (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; 224-226.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997b |
Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; m409.) |
|
|
Eosiren libyca Andrews, 1902 ( 17 )
| x |
|
* |
1902 |
Andrews, C.W. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Egypt; 293-295.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 473.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. |
|
|
|
|
1936 |
Osborn, H.F. |
|
| x |
|
|
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (comp. w/ Eotherium majus; 429, 432-433.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (m152.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (m209.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Kretzoi, M. (m274.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Siegfried, P. (syn. of Eotheroides; hind limb; 165.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. ("E. libycum"; m387, m395.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360-361.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 20-21, 23, 33, 41, 75-76.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Thewissen & Domning (m495.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Bajpai & Domning (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; 224-226.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997b |
Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; m409.) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
2013 |
Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology) |
|
|
Eosiren stromeri (Sickenberg, 1934) Kordos, 1977 ( 3 )
| x |
|
* |
1977 |
Kordos, L. (n.comb.; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360-361.) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt) |
|
|
|
Eotherium abeli Sickenberg, 1934 ( 5 )
(= Eosiren abeli)
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. ("E[otherium]. (Eosiren) abeli", nomen nudum; pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (m429, m432.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. ("Eotherium (Eosiren) abeli"; Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Protosiren fraasi; 71, 75-76.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium aegyptiacum Owen, 1875 ( 20 )
(= Eotheroides aegyptiacum)
| x |
|
* |
1875a |
Owen, R. (n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; cranial endocast; 100-105, pl. 3.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1878 |
Filhol, H. (comp. w/ Manatus Coulombi; 124-125.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1885a |
Woodward, H. (m470.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1891 |
Flower & Lydekker ("E. egyptiacum"; morphology; 224.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1902 |
Andrews, C.W. (comp. w/ Eosiren libyca; 293.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1906 |
Abel, O. (dentition; 50.) |
|
|
|
* |
1913a |
Abel, O. (skull) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924 |
Hay, O.P. ("E. aegypticum"; tooth formula; m3.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 411, 414.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (m473.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (comp. w/ E. majus; 429-434.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (m152.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1942b |
Kaltenmark, J. (history of study, 104; m108.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Robineau, D. (ear region; m30.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1976 |
Kordos, L. (m282.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; m575.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985 |
Thewissen, J.G.M. (foramen ovale; m273.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 1, 71, 74-76.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium libycum (Andrews, 1902) Sickenberg, 1934 ( 5 )
(= Eosiren libyca)
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 408-409, 411, 414; tooth replacement, 429.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 17, 19, 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (nomenclature; 209.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978b |
Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 12.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium majus Zdansky, 1938 ( 4 )
| x |
|
* |
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; 430-434.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (considered probably invalid; 575-576.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 58.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; 71, 75-76.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium markgrafi Abel, 1913 ( 3 )
(nomen nudum)
|
|
* |
1913a |
Abel, O. (nomen nudum; comp. w/ E. aegyptiacum) |
|
|
|
|
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. (said to be not based on any known specimen; 41.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (considered nomen nudum; 576.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium Owen, 1875 (non Leidy, 1853) ( 25 )
(= Eotheroides)
|
|
|
1874 |
Murie, J. |
|
| x |
|
* |
1875a |
Owen, R. (n.gen.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; 100-105.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1886b |
Hartlaub, C. (m376-378.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1899 |
Palmer, T.S. (replacement name Eotheroides proposed; 494.) |
|
| x |
D |
|
1915 |
Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-386, 388, 392.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1916a |
Matthew, W.D. (m27.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924 |
Andrews, C.W. (dentition; m306.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1926 |
Sanielevici, H. (m256.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1927 |
Hopwood, A.T. (m18.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1928 |
Prater, S.H. (m98.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1930a |
Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 46.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; m423, 471.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. |
|
| x |
|
|
1941c |
Heuvelmans, B. (dentition comp. w/ Dugong; 6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (m152.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Heuvelmans, J. (m12.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 20.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1945 |
Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; 135.) |
|
|
|
|
1946 |
Richard, M. (Late Eoc., France) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (syn. of Eotheroides; 209.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Kretzoi, M. (m274.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1954b |
Friant, M. (brain; 134.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Eotheroides, 378-379; pelvis, 391-392.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1997 |
Gómez-Alba R., J. ("Halitherium (Eotherium)" [= Prototherium]; Eoc., Spain; 114.) |
|
|
|
Eotherium stromeri Sickenberg, 1934 ( 6 )
(= Eosiren stromeri)
| x |
|
|
1931 |
Sickenberg, O. (nomen nudum; pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.) |
|
|
|
* |
1934b |
Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1938 |
Zdansky, O. (m429, m432.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1942b |
Kaltenmark, J. (comp. w/ "Metaxytherium n. sp."; 108.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1943 |
Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 17, 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 58.) |
|
|
|
Eotheroides abeli (Sickenberg, 1934) Kordos, 1977 ( 4 )
(= Eosiren abeli)
| x |
|
* |
1977 |
Kordos, L. (n.comb.; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (m575.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387, 389, 397.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 43, 57-58.) |
|
|
Eotheroides aegyptiacum (Owen, 1875) Trouessart, 1905 ( 18 )
|
|
* |
1904-05 |
Trouessart, E.-L. (n.comb.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1923a |
Allen, G.M. (humerus; m233-234.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1925 |
Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium jordani; 65.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 473-474.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (m207, 210.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1953 |
Kretzoi, M. (m274.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Robineau, D. (ear region; m30.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1977 |
Kordos, L. ("E. aegyptiacus"; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 575.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387, 389, 397.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982b |
Domning, D.P. (possibly ancestral to trichechids; 600.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 19, 36-38, 47, 52, 57, 59.) |
|
|
|
|
1985 |
Kozawa, Y. ("Eosiren aegypticam") |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 1, 11, 74-77.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1992 |
Thewissen & Domning (character states; 495, 503.) |
|
|
|
|
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (Eoc., Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
2013 |
O'Leary et al. (In phylogenetic context of other placental orders; 664.) |
|
|
Eotheroides babiae Bajpai, Thewissen, Kapur, Tiwari, and Sahni, 2006 ( 2 )
|
|
* |
2006 |
Bajpai et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Kutch, India) |
|
| x |
|
|
2017 |
Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.) |
|
|
Eotheroides clavigerum Zalmout and Gingerich, 2012 ( 2 )
|
|
* |
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (n.sp.; Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt) |
|
|
|
|
2022 |
Veress, Laszlo, Bordeianu, Marian, & Codrea, Vlad A. |
|
|
|
Eotheroides coulombi (Filhol, 1878) Trouessart, 1905 ( 1 )
(= Eotheroides aegyptiacum)
|
|
* |
1904-05 |
Trouessart, E.-L. (n.comb.) |
|
|
Eotheroides lambondrano Samonds, Zalmout, Irwin, Krause, Rogers, and Raharivony, 2009 ( 1 )
|
|
* |
2009 |
Samonds et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Madagascar) |
|
|
|
Eotheroides libycum (Andrews, 1902) Reinhart, 1951 ( 11 )
(= Eosiren libyca)
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. ("E. libyca", n.comb.; m209.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1967 |
Siegfried, P. (femur; 165-172, pl. 17.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1973 |
Fuchs, H. (comp. w/ Romanian sir.; 72-73, 75, 77.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1977 |
Kordos, L. ("E. libycus"; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. ("E. libyca"; m576.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387-389, 396-397.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 30, 38, 41, 57-59.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Bizzotto, B. (comp. w/ Prototherium; 102, 106-109.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Domning et al. (m37-39.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1987 |
Domning & Thomas (comp. w/ Halitherium & Metaxytherium; 223-224.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2006 |
Averianov & Yarkov (comp. w/ enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia) |
|
|
Eotheroides Palmer, 1899 ( 31 )
| x |
|
* |
1899 |
Palmer, T.S. (name proposed as replacement for Eotherium; 494.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1930a |
Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 46.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1932a |
Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 423, 462-463, 471-473, 480, 484, 491-492, 495, 499.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Sirenavus, 149; in classification, 152, 154, pl. 6; name Masrisiren proposed for one specimen, 152.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1942b |
Kaltenmark, J. (syn. of Eotherium; 104.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1945 |
Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1951 |
Reinhart, R.H. (m208-209, 211; nomenclature, 209.) |
|
|
|
|
1959 |
Reinhart, R.H. |
|
| x |
|
|
1966 |
Kellogg, R. (m65.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1968 |
Lemire, M. (m515.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1969 |
Voorhies, M.R. (comp. w/ tooth from Georgia; m94.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978b |
Domning, D.P. (dental formula; m4.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 574-579.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1979 |
Tassy, P. (comp. w/ Moeritherium; 87.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (Middle Eoc., Hungary; 385-397, pls. 1-2.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Sahni & Kumar (comp. w/ Ishatherium; 133-134.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 8, 37, 57-58, 62.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Kleinschmidt, A. (distr.; 378-380.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Sereno, P.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 7-9.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1983 |
Bizzotto, B. (syn. of Prototherium; 100, 105-111.) |
|
|
|
|
1983 |
Kordos, L. |
|
| x |
|
|
1984 |
Rainey et al. (dugongid affinities questioned; 587.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985a |
Kordos, L. (Hungary; m314.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985 |
Thewissen, J.G.M. (skull foramina; 268-269, 272.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1990 |
O'Shea & Reep (brain & body size; 536, 539.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2003 |
Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 82-83.) |
|
| x |
|
|
2017 |
Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m88, 92.) |
|
|
|
|
2020 |
Zalmout et al. (Late Eoc., Jordan) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Averianov & Zvonok (comp. w/ indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Avilla & Mothé (in phylogenetic analysis of Afrotheria) |
|
|
Eotheroides sandersi Zalmout and Gingerich, 2012 ( 1 )
|
|
* |
2012 |
Zalmout & Gingerich (n.sp.; Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt) |
|
|
|
Eotheroides stromeri (Sickenberg, 1934) Domning, 1978 ( 2 )
(= Eosiren stromeri)
| x |
|
* |
1978c |
Domning, D.P. (n.comb.; m576.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.) |
|
|
|
Eotheroides waghapadarensis Das and Basu, 1994 ( 1 )
(nomen nudum; = Ashokia antiqua)
| x |
|
* |
1994 |
Das & Basu (n.gen.n.sp.; nomen nudum; Middle Eoc., India; 5.) |
|
|
|
Eotheroidinae Kretzoi, 1941 ( 1 )
(subfamily)
| x |
|
* |
1941 |
Kretzoi, M. ("Eotherioidinae", new subfamily; 154.) |
|
|
|
Europe ( 22 )
(SEE ALSO: Austria; Belgium; Britain; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Malta; Mediterranean Sea; Netherlands; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Switzerland)
| x |
|
|
1784 |
Mayer, J. (fossil "Mannatus"; Czechoslovakia; 262-263.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1834 |
Keferstein, C. (Manatus fossilis; France, Bohemia; m2: 217.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1847b |
Gervais, F.L.P. (summ. of sir. occurrences; 208-210.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1875a |
Owen, R. (various sirs.; 104-105.) |
|
|
|
* |
1920 |
Depéret & Roman (review) |
|
|
|
|
1938 |
Suklje, F. (Yugoslavia) |
|
| x |
|
|
1949 |
Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Czechoslovakia; 162-163.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1952 |
Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Mioc., Czechoslovakia; 33-36, 109-113.) |
|
|
|
|
1976 |
Mchedlidze, G.A. (Black & Caspian Seas) |
|
|
|
|
1976 |
Rabeder & Steininger (Olig. & Mioc., Central Paratethys) |
|
|
|
|
1977 |
Radwanski, A. (Poland) |
|
| x |
|
|
1985a |
Domning, D.P. (utility of sirs. in stratigraphic correlation; 183.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1991 |
Czyzewska & Radwanski (Thalattosiren; Middle Mioc., Poland; 184-185, 188.) |
|
|
|
|
1992 |
Wolsan, M. (Thalattosiren; Middle Mioc., Poland) |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
Sabol & Holec (Mioc., Slovakia) |
|
| x |
|
|
2006? |
Kriznar, Matija (Metaxytherium ?krahuletzi; Slovenia; 26.) |
|
|
|
|
2008 |
Gregorová & Zágoršek (indeterminate sir. rib; Middle Mioc., Czech Republic) |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
Marx, F. (Cenozoic Sir. diversity) |
|
|
|
|
2013 |
Prista et al. (Euro-North African sirs.; extinction) |
|
|
|
|
2018 |
Gol'din et al. (Paratethys, Olig.) |
|
|
|
|
2021 |
Sabol et al. (Slovakia, Mioc.) |
|
|
|
* |
2022 |
Iliopoulos et al. (Greece) |
|
|
|
Excretion and Defecation ( 35 )
(SEE ALSO: Salinity Tolerance; Urogenital System)
| x |
|
|
1857 |
Shaw, N. (TS; feces; m99.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1876 |
Chapman, H.C. (TMM; in capt.; constipation; 460-461.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1906b |
Dexler & Freund (DD, 52, 57-58; Trichechus, 57-58.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1908b |
Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; in capt.; feces; 228.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1924-25 |
Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; flatulence, feces, 127, 131-132; urination, 128; apparently bloody feces, 177.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1959 |
Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; 199-200.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1961 |
Jonklaas, R. (DD; 4.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1963 |
Hofmeister, M. (?TMM; in capt.; 12.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1966 |
Kinzer, J. (TS; feces; 48.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1966 |
Thomas, D. (DD; India; floating feces; 80.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1967 |
Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; m221.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1978 |
Anderson & Birtles (DD; feces; 10-11, 16-17.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1979 |
Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 92-93; flatus, regurgitation, 93, 95.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Irvine et al. (TML; in capt.; urine values; 3, 6.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1980 |
Kataoka & Asano (DD: in capt.; soft, floating feces; 270.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Best, R.C. (Trichechus; diarrhea of calves on powdered milk formula; 21.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Kataoka & Asano (DD: in capt.; soft, floating feces; 201.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1981 |
Zeiller, W. (TML; in capt.; hard feces of calf cured with mineral oil; 106.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1982 |
Best, Ribeiro et al. (TI; in capt.; flatulence & loose stools while on artificial formula with lactose; 265.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Best, R.C. (TI; production of feces while fasting; 61-62.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1983 |
Gallivan et al. (TI; in capt.; 2-3-week passage rate of swallowed transmitters; 256.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1984 |
Lomolino & Ewel (TML; in capt.; feces; 6-day passage rate; 176-177.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1986 |
Gallivan & Best (TI; in capt.; 5-9-day passage rate; 554, 556.) |
|
| x |
|
* |
1995 |
Lanyon & Marsh (DD; in capt.; digesta passage rate, 119-127; defecation, 120.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1996 |
Tikel et al. (DD; recovery of DNA from feces; 456-457.) |
|
| x |
|
|
1998 |
Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation, 449-457; urination frequency decreased when out of salt water, 452, 456.) |
|
|
|
|
2003 |
Williams et al. (TML; Florida; feces fed on by sharksuckers; 1180-1181.) |
|
|
|
|
2005 |
Lanyon, Smith & Carrick (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; reproductive steroids in feces) |
|
|
|
|
2005 |
Larkin et al. (TML; fecal testosterone concentrations) |
|
|
|
|
2008 |
Tsukinowa et al. (DD; in capt., Toba, Japan; fecal microbiota) |
|
|
|
|
2009 |
Muschett et al. (TM; Panama; fecal sampling for DNA analysis) |
|
|
|
|
2014 |
Navarro-M. et al. (TM; Cuba; diet & digestive tract) |
|
|
|
|
2023 |
McGowan, Seddon, et al. (DD; antimicrobial resistance in faecal microbes.) |
|
|
|
|
2023 |
Ooi et al. (DD; DNA markers from open ocean-retrieved faeces) |
|
|
|
|
2024 |
Ozawa, H., et al. (DD detected in Ryukyu Islands by fecal DNA.) |
|
|
|
Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 