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Legends: SEE Mermaid Legend; Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )
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Legislation, Protective: SEE Conservation ( 0 )
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Lentiarenium cristolii Voss, 2016 ( 1 )
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* |
2016 |
Voss et al. (n.comb.) |
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Lentiarenium Voss, 2016 ( 1 )
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* |
2016 |
Voss et al. (n.gen.) |
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Libysiren Domning et al., 2017 ( 1 )
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* |
2017 |
Domning et al. (n.gen., middle Eoc., Libya) |
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Libysiren sickenbergi Domning et al., 2017 ( 1 )
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* |
2017 |
Domning et al. (n.sp., middle Eoc., Libya) |
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Locomotion ( 92 )
(SEE ALSO: Respiration and Diving)
| x |
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* |
1878 |
Brown, A.E. (TMM; on land; experiment; 295-296.) |
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| x |
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1881 |
Crane, A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 457-460.) |
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| x |
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* |
1881 |
Flower, W.H. (sirs.; on land; 453-456.) |
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1887 |
Noack, T. (TS; on land) |
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1887 |
Shufeldt, R.W. (TMM; Mexico; partly out of water) |
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| x |
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* |
1899 |
Steller, G.W. (HG; 188-189, 197-198.) |
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| x |
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1904 |
Freund, L. (anatomical modifications; 383-384, 395.) |
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| x |
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* |
1906b |
Dexler & Freund (DD, breathing & swimming, 50-52, 66-67, feeding trails, 56-57, 67; Trichechus, 67-68; HG, m68.) |
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| x |
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1924e |
Petit, G. (Trichechus; on land; m295.) |
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| x |
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1924-25 |
Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; swimming & head movements, 222-224; on land, 225.) |
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1924 |
Vialleton, L. (use of limbs) |
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| x |
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1925 |
Troxell, E.L. (chevron bones; m613.) |
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| x |
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1928 |
Prater, S.H. (DD; 95-96.) |
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| x |
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1935 |
Allen, G.M. (DD; on land; 81.) |
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| x |
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1938 |
Devillers, C. (TI; in capt.; 87-88.) |
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| x |
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1939 |
Coates, C.W. (emaciated TI; in capt.; floating & swimming; 141, 144-145, 147.) |
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| x |
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1948 |
Bessac & Villiers (TS; crossing earthen dams during migration; 188.) |
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| x |
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1951b |
Moore, J.C. (TML; facing current, 30; resting posture, 30-31.) |
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| x |
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1955 |
MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; swimming, 18-19; on land, 18.) |
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| x |
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1956 |
Moore, J.C. (TML; calf, 17; adult, 20-23.) |
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| x |
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1957 |
Cadenat, J. (TS; Senegal; on land; 1369.) |
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| x |
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1957 |
Moore, J.C. (TML; calf, & on land; 138.) |
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| x |
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1959 |
Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; use of flippers; 201.) |
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| x |
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* |
1961 |
Jonklaas, R. (DD; 3.) |
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| x |
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1961 |
Silas, E.G. (DD; in capt., India; use of flippers; 264-265.) |
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| x |
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* |
1964a |
Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; swimming, 116-117; on land, 117.) |
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| x |
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1964 |
Moore, J.C. (TML; 7-8.) |
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| x |
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* |
1965 |
Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; on land; 417.) |
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| x |
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1966 |
Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 84.) |
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| x |
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1966 |
Kinzer, J. (TS; swimming & on land; 50.) |
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| x |
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1967 |
Aung, S.H. (DD; in capt.; swimming; 221.) |
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| x |
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1967a |
Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; on land; 219.) |
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| x |
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* |
1967 |
Kenny, R. (DD; breathing & swimming; 372-373.) |
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| x |
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1967 |
Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; swimming; 220-221.) |
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| x |
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1968 |
Charnock-Wilson, J. (TMM; 293; on land, 294.) |
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| x |
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1969 |
Hartman, D.S. (TML; swimming; speed "about 20 mph"; 349-350.) |
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| x |
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1969 |
Herald, E.S. (Trichechus; in capt.; swimming backward; 29-30.) |
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1969 |
Tweedie, M. |
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| x |
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1972 |
Boorer, M.K. (TM; in capt.; swimming clockwise; m165.) |
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| x |
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1974b |
Dekker, D. (TMM; Suriname; swimming with "head & shoulders above water"; 2.) |
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| x |
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1976 |
Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Australia; traveling at surface; calves with ?mothers; 22-23.) |
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| x |
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1976 |
Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; "body-surfing"; 211.) |
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| x |
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1976 |
Tas'an (DD; use of flippers on bottom; 5.) |
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| x |
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1977a |
Domning, D.P. (DD; swimming & forelimb muscles; 28-31.) |
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| x |
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1977b |
Domning, D.P. (evolution, in North Pacific sirs.; 353-361.) |
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| x |
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1978 |
Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; facing current, 13; flippers not used on bottom, 19-20.) |
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| x |
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1978a |
Domning, D.P. (TI; forelimb muscles; 69-71.) |
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| x |
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1978b |
Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; 121-129, 131, 141-142.) |
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| x |
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1978 |
Marsh et al. (DD; swimming speed; 164.) |
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| x |
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* |
1979 |
Anderson, P.K. (DD; "cocking" flukes for acceleration, 114-115; use of flippers in braking, 114; head movements, 115, 122; rostral disc compressed laterally when swimming, 116; swimming, 120-124; ?hydrodynamic assistance to calves, 130.) |
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| x |
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* |
1979 |
Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; swimming against currents, 39-40; swimming & use of flippers, 64-72, 75-76.) |
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| x |
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1981b |
Anderson, P.K. (DD; swimming speed, 94-95; calves swimming above mothers' backs, 101-103.) |
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| x |
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1981 |
Marsh et al. (DD; swimming speed 10-12 knots; 259.) |
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| x |
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1981a |
Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; feeding more than half out of water, 237, 240; climbing barriers, 235-236, 238-239.) |
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1982b |
Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; tail stroke rate, turning, swimming in wave surges; 92.) |
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| x |
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1982 |
Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; swimming; 522.) |
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| x |
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1982 |
Kleinschmidt, A. (evolution of sir. locomotion; 370-377.) |
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D |
* |
1984b |
Inuzuka, N. (desmostylians reconstructed as "herpetiform" mammals) |
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D |
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1985 |
Halstead, L.B. |
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D |
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1985 |
Inuzuka, N. |
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| x |
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1985 |
Mühling, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; newborn swimming only with flippers; 15.) |
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| x |
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1985 |
Rowlatt & Marsh (DD, TM; comparative heart morphology & swimming stamina; 104.) |
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1986 |
Sokolov, Pershin et al. (TM) |
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| x |
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1989a |
Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; rolling across mudflats; 79.) |
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| x |
D |
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1990 |
Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; California; 201-203.) |
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| x |
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* |
1991 |
Domning & de Buffrénil (swimming & hydrostasis; 332-334, 359.) |
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| x |
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* |
1991 |
Frey, R. (testicondy & locomotion; 277-283, 316, 319.) |
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1993 |
Fish, F.E. (hydrodynamics & energetics) |
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| x |
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1994a |
Frey, R. (copulation & relative penis length; 137, 152-153.) |
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1994b |
Frey, R. |
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| x |
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1994 |
Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; adult & newborn; 33, 46.) |
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D |
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1995 |
Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus) |
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| x |
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1995 |
Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; estimated maximum swimming speed greater than 30 km/hr.; 404.) |
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D |
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1997 |
Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus; inferred footprint & trackway) |
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| x |
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1997 |
Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; swimming, bottom-walking; 442-446.) |
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* |
1999 |
Nill, E.K.; Pabst, D.A.; Rommel, S. A,; & McLellan, W. A . |
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| x |
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2000 |
Domning, D.P. (Eoc. sirs.; locomotor & diving adaptations; 115-119.) |
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2000 |
Iwaniuk & Whishaw (forelimb movements) |
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D |
* |
2000 |
Yamazaki & Ikeuchi (Desmostylus; robotic simulation; 167-172.) |
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D |
* |
2000 |
Yamazaki & Umeda (Desmostylus; computer simulation; 159-165.) |
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| x |
D |
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2001d |
Domning, D.P. (desmostylian tibia; 23-24.) |
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D |
* |
2002b |
Domning, D.P. (terrestrial posture of desmostylians) |
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| x |
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2004 |
Uhen, M.D. (TM, comp. w/ Dorudon; 147-152.) |
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D |
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2005 |
Gingerich, P.D. (Desmostylus hesperus; swimming mode) |
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2006 |
Kobayashi & Tazaki (Hydrodamalinae; evolution of spinal movement) |
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D |
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2007 |
Hasegawa, Y. (studies of desmostylian evolution & locomotion) |
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* |
2007 |
Kojeszewski & Fish (TML; swimming kinematics) |
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2009 |
Houssaye, A. (review of "pachyostosis") |
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D |
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2009 |
Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture) |
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D |
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2013 |
Hayashi et al. (desmostylians; bone histology & aquatic adaptation) |
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2013 |
Kikuchi et al. (TI; in capt., Brazil; acceleration data loggers) |
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2023 |
Lefebvre, J. P. (DD; travel along water column at low energetic cost) |
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Lophiodolodus Stirton, 1947 ( 3 )
(Mammalia incertae sedis)
| x |
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1956 |
McKenna, M.C. (possibly a sir.; m739.) |
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| x |
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1980 |
McKenna, M.C. (possibly a sir.; m49, m66.) |
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| x |
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1982b |
Domning, D.P. (probably not a sir.; 600.) |
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Louisiana ( 13 )
| x |
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1884b |
True, F.W. (TM; m114.) |
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| x |
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* |
1941a |
Gunter, G. (TML; 60-61.) |
|
| x |
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1941b |
Gunter, G. (TML; 13.) |
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| x |
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1943 |
Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TML; 253-254.) |
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1974 |
Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TM) |
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| x |
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1975d |
Anon. (TM; near Lake Pontchartrain; 20.) |
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| x |
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1982b |
Domning, D.P. (Trichechus sp.; Late Pleist., Jefferson Davis Par.; 605.) |
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| x |
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1984 |
Powell & Rathbun (TM; 2, 6-7.) |
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| x |
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1988a |
O'Shea, T.J. (TM; 187, 199.) |
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| x |
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1990 |
Rathbun et al. (TM; 30.) |
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| x |
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1996 |
Schiro et al. (TM; 28-29.) |
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* |
2005 |
Fertl et al. (TM) |
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2011 |
Campagna et al. (TM; Gulf of Mexico; oil spill) |
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Lymphatic System: SEE Circulatory System ( 0 )
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Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 