Rathbun, Galen B.: SEE ALSO Beck et al., 1982; Caldwell & Caldwell, 1985; Etheridge et al., 1985; Kochman et al., 1983, 1985; Lefebvre et al., 1989; Marsh & Rathbun, 1987, 1990; Marsh et al., 1995; Mate et al., 1986; Medway et al., 1982; Morales V. et al., 2000; Nishiwaki & Marsh, 1985; O'Shea, Rathbun et al., 1985; O'Shea et al., 1991; Packard, Rathbun et al., 1984; Powell et al., 1981; Powell & Rathbun, 1984; Reid et al., 1991; Reynolds & Odell, 1991; Thenius et al., 1987.
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Powell, James Arthur, Jr.; Belitsky, David W.; Rathbun, Galen B.
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1981 |
Status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico.
Jour. Mamm. 62(3): 642-646. 2 tabs. 1 fig. Aug. 20, 1981.
–Reports that aerial surveys in Puerto Rico in 1976-79 counted up to 51 manatees; gives notes on their occurrence in and drinking of fresh water, their preference for calm waters, and their mortality in fishing nets. The manatee population is said to be "small and widely distributed".
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Beck, Cathy A.; Bonde, Robert K.; Rathbun, Galen B.
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1982 |
Analyses of propeller wounds on manatees in Florida.
Jour. Wildl. Manage. 46(2): 531-535. 3 figs. Apr. 1982.
–Concludes from the sizes of propeller wounds that most manatee mortality attributed to propeller strikes is caused by large (>7.3 m) boats with inboard engines and propellers >38 cm in diameter.
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Medway, William; Rathbun, Galen B.; Black, D. J.
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1982 |
Hematology of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).
Veter. Clin. Pathol. 11(2): 11-15. 3 tabs. 1 fig.
–Hemograms on blood of 10 Florida manatees showed that the red cells were large and fewer in number than in most land mammals; neutrophils and reticulocytes were absent; eosinophils were hard to distinguish from heterophils; large and small lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils were present; and the total numbers of white cells and platelets were comparable to those in common domestic mammals.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Bonde, Robert K.; Clay, Deborah
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1982 |
The status of the West Indian manatee on the Atlantic coast north of Florida. In: R. R. Odom & J. W. Guthrie (eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Nongame and Endangered Wildlife.
Georgia Dept. Nat. Resources, Game & Fish Div., Tech. Bull. WL5 (179 pp.): 152-165. 1 tab. 6 figs.
–Lists and analyzes 160 historical and recent records of T. manatus north of Florida, showing that they decrease sharply in frequency northward and that more northern records are restricted to fewer months of the year. The northernmost record is from Washington, D.C. Manatees do not winter north of Florida, but do use warm-water effluents in Georgia during the spring. Sources of mortality in the northern part of the range include starvation, cold, and commercial shrimp netting.
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Kochman, Howard I.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Powell, James Arthur, Jr.
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1983 |
Use of Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida by the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). In: J. M. Packard (ed.), Proposed research/management plan for Crystal River manatees. Volume III. Compendium (q.v.).
Florida Coop. Fish & Wildlife Res. Unit, Tech. Rept. No. 7, Vol. 3 (iii + 346): 69-124. 4 tabs. 34 figs. Dec. 1983.
–Summ.: Kochman et al. (1985). Describes the physical characteristics and aquatic flora of Kings Bay, mapping the flora's distribution in detail; gives results of aerial surveys of manatees in the bay, 1977-81, with detailed maps for each month; and describes observations of behavior and diurnal movements within the bay.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Powell, James Arthur, Jr.; Cruz, Gustavo
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1983 |
Status of the West Indian manatee in Honduras.
Biol. Conserv. 26(4): 301-308. 3 figs.
–Aerial surveys and interviews indicated a low density of manatees and relatively heavy subsistence hunting pressure. A manatee harpoon is illustrated. Hunters state that manatees are nocturnal, move out to sea during storms, and enter rivers in the rainy season. Several manatees died of starvation after being trapped in a lagoon during the dry season.
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Packard, Jane M.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Domning, Daryl Paul; Best, Robin Christopher; Anderson, Paul K.; O'Shea, Thomas J.
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1984 |
Sea cows and manatees. In: D. W. Macdonald (ed.), The encyclopedia of mammals.
New York, Facts on File Publs.: 292-303. 15 figs.
–Repr. in: K. Banister & A. Campbell (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Aquatic Life. New York, Facts on File Publs.: 340-349. 12 figs. Dec. 16, 1985.
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Powell, James Arthur, Jr.; Rathbun, Galen B.
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1984 |
Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Northeast Gulf Science 7(1): 1-28. 8 tabs. 15 figs. July 31, 1984.
–An earlier version of this paper was publ. in J.M. Packard (1983c: 1-68), with a different fig. 4 and an additional fig. ("Fig. 6") included. Reviews historical and recent records of T. manatus, including aerial survey and carcass salvage data, emphasizing the southern Big Bend coast of northwestern peninsular Florida. Numbers of manatees have decreased in Texas but increased in the northeastern Gulf. The influences of temperature, sources of warm and fresh water, and food on manatee seasonal movements in the area are discussed, and used to explain the patterns of manatee use of different rivers in the Big Bend area and the increase in manatee population of this area compared with other parts of Florida. Concludes that the southern Big Bend coast offers the best long-term hope for manatee survival in the USA.
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Rathbun, Galen B.
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1984 |
Sirenians. Chap. 17 in: S. Anderson & J. K. Jones, Jr. (eds.), Orders and families of Recent mammals of the world.
New York, John Wiley & Sons: 537-547. Figs. 93-94.
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Etheridge, Kay; Rathbun, Galen B.; Powell, James Arthur, Jr.; Kochman, Howard I.
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1985 |
Consumption of aquatic plants by the West Indian manatee.
Jour. Aquatic Plant Manage. 23(1): 21-25. 6 tabs.
–Feeding experiments (using Hydrilla and Vallisneria) and measurements of chewing rates in wild and captive Florida manatees indicated that adults can eat about 7.1% of body weight per day in wet weight of Hydrilla in 5 hours of chewing time. At this rate the manatees wintering at Crystal River fall short of controlling the growth of Hydrilla there by at least an order of magnitude, and manatees in general appear inefficient and impractical as a means of aquatic weed control.
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O'Shea, Thomas J.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Asper, Edward D.; Searles, Stan W.
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1985 |
Tolerance of West Indian manatees to capture and handling.
Biol. Conserv. 33(4): 335-349. 2 tabs.
–Describes procedures used in capturing and handling Florida manatees, and reports that none of the 92 animals captured between 1975 and 1983 showed evidence of capture myopathy. Blood chemistry data are given for some of these and, by way of comparison, for captive manatees. Concludes that manatees, unlike dugongs, seem not to be susceptible to capture stress.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Carr, Thomas; Carr, Nicole; Woods, Charles A.
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1985 |
The distribution of manatees and sea turtles in Puerto Rico, with emphasis on Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. Contract report, U.S. Navy Facilities Engineering Command, Norfolk, Virginia.
NTIS Document No. PB 86-1518347AS: vi + 83. July 1985.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Woods, Charles A.; Ottenwalder, José A.
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1985 |
The manatee in Haiti.
Oryx 19(4): 234-236. 1 fig.
–An aerial survey in 1982 found only 8 T. manatus; they have apparently declined drastically over the past 50 years, and are now caught mainly by accident in beach seines. Former hunting techniques included spearing and stoning to death (!). Conservation measures appear impracticable; the best hope seems to be that hunting expertise will die out.
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Thenius, Erich; Rathbun, Galen B.; Kurt, Fred; Grzimek, Bernhard
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1987 |
Seekühe. In: B. Grzimek (ed.), Grzimeks Enzyklopädie: Säugetiere. Vol. 4.
Munich, Kindler Verlag: 522-535. Illus.
–Includes sections on sir. evolutionary history (Thenius), manatees (Rathbun), dugongs (Kurt), and Steller's sea cow (Grzimek & Kurt).
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Rathbun, Galen B.
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1988 |
Fixed-wing airplane versus helicopter surveys of manatees (Trichechus manatus).
Mar. Mamm. Sci. 4(1): 71-75. 1 tab. Jan. 1988.
–Numbers of manatees counted at Crystal and Indian Rivers, Florida (1978-79), did not significantly differ between surveys conducted with fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, though helicopter surveys produced less variable counts and may be more effective for some specialized surveys.
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Lefebvre, Lynn W.; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Best, Robin Christopher
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1989 |
Distribution, status, and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. In: C. A. Woods (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: past, present, and future.
Gainesville (Florida), Sandhill Crane Press (xvii + 878): 567-609. 12 figs.
–Reviews historical, distributional, and status information from all countries within the range of T. manatus, and discusses aspects of habitat that account for limits to the species' distribution.
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Marsh, Helene D.; Rathbun, Galen B.
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1990 |
Development and application of conventional and satellite radio tracking techniques for studying dugong movements and habitat use.
Austral. Wildl. Res. 17(1): 83-100. 4 tabs. 8 figs.
–Describes techniques used on, and data obtained from, 6 male dugongs radiotagged in North Queensland and tracked for 1-16 months. Their movement patterns were surprisingly similar to those of Florida manatees; all spent most of their time in relatively small and overlapping home ranges near inshore seagrass beds. Only one pubertal male undertook long-distance movements (>140 km in 2 days). Another dugong repeatedly travelled 10 km up a tidal creek. Concludes that conventional transmitters are better for behavioral observations, but satellite transmitters are better for tracking movements.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Reid, James P.; Carowan, Glenn
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1990 |
Distribution and movement patterns of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in northwestern peninsular Florida.
Florida Mar. Res. Publs. No. 48: 1-33. 6 tabs. 24 figs. Dec. 1990.
–Data from aerial surveys, radiotracking studies, and other sightings show that manatees in northwestern Florida (north of the Chassahowitzka River) use the Homosassa and Crystal rivers as winter refuges but disperse widely in summer. Relatively little manatee mortality in this area is human-caused.
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O'Shea, Thomas J.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Bonde, Robert K.; Buergelt, Claus D.; Odell, Daniel Keith
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1991 |
An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with a dinoflagellate bloom.
Mar. Mamm. Sci. 7(2): 165-179. 1 tab. 3 figs. Apr. 30, 1991.
–Deaths of 37 manatees near Ft. Myers, Florida, in early 1982 are attributed to neurotoxicity resulting from concentration of red tide organisms (Gymnodinium breve) by ascidians on which the manatees fed. Unusual circumstances of temperature and salinity also contributed to this catastrophic kill.
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Reid, James P.; Rathbun, Galen B.; Wilcox, J. Ross
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1991 |
Distribution patterns of individually identifiable West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Florida.
Mar. Mamm. Sci. 7(2): 180-190. 2 tabs. 2 figs. Apr. 30, 1991.
–Documents long-distance movements and site fidelity on the basis of photographs of distinctively scarred manatees. The migration pattern is predominantly northward in spring and southward in fall.
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Marsh, Helene D.; Rathbun, Galen B.; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Preen, Anthony R.
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1995 |
Can dugongs survive in Palau?
Biol. Conserv. 72(1): 85-89. 2 tabs. 2 figs.
–An aerial survey of Palau in 1991 found even fewer dugongs per flight-hour than earlier surveys, while interviews indicated that regular poaching continued along with illegal sale of jewellery made from dugong ribs. The authors believe that dugongs will go extinct in Palau unless poaching is stopped immediately.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Reid, James P.; Bonde, Robert K.; Powell, James Arthur, Jr.
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1995 |
Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees. In: T. J. O'Shea, B. B. Ackerman, & H. F. Percival (eds.), Population biology of the Florida manatee (q.v.).
Information & Technology Rept. (U.S. Dept. Interior, Natl. Biological Service) (vi + 289) 1: 135-156. 5 tabs. 9 figs. Aug. 1995.
–Abstr. in O'Shea et al. (1992: 19-20).
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Rathbun, Galen B.
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1998 |
Sea cows - Order Sirenia. In: Wild animals of North America.
Washington, National Geographic Society (200 pp.): 146-151. 4 figs.
–Brief gen. acc. of manatees, emphasizing those at Crystal River, Florida.
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Rathbun, Galen B.; Wallace, Richard L.
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2000 |
Florida manatee. In: R. P. Reading & B. Miller (eds.), Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues.
Westport (Connecticut), Greenwood Press (383 pp.): 108-111, 337-338 (refs.).
–Gives a short gen. acc. of Florida manatees and conservation issues affecting them, and recommends overhaul of an interagency coordinating committee to make "a fresh start based on a new and substantially more aggressive approach to manatee conservation".
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Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 