Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia  

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"Blue, Joseph E."

Blue, Joseph E.: SEE Gerstein et al., 1999. (detail)
x
 
 Gerstein, Edmund R.; Gerstein, Laura; Forsythe, Steven E.; Blue, Joseph E. (detail)
   
1999
The underwater audiogram of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).
Jour. Acoustical Soc. Amer. 105(6): 3575-3587. 2 tabs. 7 figs. June 1999.
–Behavioral experiments on two captive adult Florida manatees produced a U-shaped audiogram with auditory thresholds at 0.4 and 46 kHz and maximum sensitivity between 6 and 20 kHz. Detection thresholds of possible vibrotactile origin were measured at 0.015-0.2 kHz. Sensitivity falls 20 dB per octave below 0.8 kHz and approximately 40 dB per octave above 26 kHz. The audiogram demonstrates a wider range of hearing and greater sensitivity than was suggested by evoked-potential and anatomical studies. Inadequate sensitivity at low frequencies may contribute to manatees' inability to avoid collisions with motorboats. Use of high-frequency directional acoustic beacons on boats is suggested as a remedy.
Daryl P. Domning, Research Associate, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, and Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059.
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